Natural resource policy
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| What is meant by 'human dimension' of natural resources management? | How people view their environment
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| Name two places in/near Tucson where the science of ecology has been formally presented since the early 1900s? | ASDM & Santa Rita experimental ranch
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| Briefly describe the vision for the School of Natural Resources and the Environment. | To provide innovative research and applications that lead to sustainable management of Natural Resource
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| What kind of real- world problems does the School of Natural Resources address? | Wildfires, bufflegrass, invasion, droughts, population
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| What is ‘NEON’ and why is it relevant to the School of Natural Resources? | National Ecological Observatory Network. It uses sensors to study climate change, land use, and invasive species.
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| What is the ‘Sun Corridor’ and where does it occur? | Its a metropolitan area from Tucson to Maricopa County.
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| What are some steps one should take as an undergraduate in the School of Natural Resources to help ensure success in the “real world” after graduation? | Talk to advisors, do field work
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| What is the ‘survival’ perspective and how did it shape our views on nature? | Struggle for existence. Man against nature, so nature needed to be tamed.
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| What is meant by a ‘utilitarian’ perspective on the environment? | Natural resources for food, water, and shelter.
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| What is "deferred gratification?" | Store food, so you can utilize later.
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| What is an "anthropocentric" perspective? | Human-centered world
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| What were some of the beliefs of Anglo-Europeans settling the New World that shaped how they (and we) viewed nature and the environment? | Natural resources were a gift from the creator. Man has dominion over nature.
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| How has the Anglo-European concept of 'civilization' and 'progress'? | Believed that they can modify the environment to suit their needs as a growing population
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| What is 'Manifest Destiny' and how does it relate to notions of 'civilization' and 'progress'? | It means the rain follows the plow- if we plant crops, then God will give us rain.
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| Explain the belief that 'rain follows the plow' that was prevalent during the settlement of the New World. | If we plant crops, God will give us rain.
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| What are some examples of 'impediments to civilization' and how do these relate to how people view nature? | Trees, rivers, native peoples. It makes people think they can remove them whenever they want.
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| What is the thesis of the book 'Guns, Germs, and Steel'? How is it related to colonialism? | We often disrupt the traditional systems of natural resource use. Colonists quested for natural resources but violated traditional methods.
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| How did capitalism and free enterprise influence our views toward nature? | They believed that land could be bought and sold. It was a pattern of exploiting environments and finding new ones after,
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| What s the basic pattern of human-natural environment interactions that has been repeated over and over throughout history and around the world? | Bountiful resources
Human populations grow and expand
Develop new technology
Over-exploit environment
Develop restrictive regulations
Seek areas with bountiful resources---> Human pop grows..
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| What is meant by the 'next ridge syndrome' and how does it relate to early 'solutions' to environmental problems in the New World? | Because of bountiful and seemingly inexhaustible resources, people felt that when they used up the resources in one area, then they could simply move to a new area
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| What is 'conservation' and why can it be difficult to agree on what constitutes it? | Conservation: sensible, careful, and wise use of natural resources. What is sensible, careful, and wise??-- subjective words
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| Define maximum yield | As much as we can get
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| Define sustainable yield | Ecological yield that can be extracted w/o reducing the base 'capitol'
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| Define maximum sustained yield | 'Managing on the edge'-- take as much as we can w/o reducing capitol
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| Which kind of yield should we do and why? | We should shoot for sustainable yield that isn't at its maximum so we can factor in problems such as less rainfall
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| What is 'preservation' and how is it different from conservation? | Preservation allows some land and its creatures to exist without significant human influence. Conservation is using the land and preservation wants less human interaction.
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| What are some challenges associated with preservation. | How much land can be set aside and in what configuration.
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| What is ecology? | Basic science dealing with relationships between organisms and their environment.
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| How is environmental science different from ecology. | Environmental science- chemistry; studies the effects of pollutants on the environment while ecology- biology; studies all factors that affect the distribution and abundance of organisms
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| Why is ecology important for resource conservation, preservation, and environmental science? | It is the science that underlies all of those 3
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| What are some examples of various fields or sub-disciplines in ecology? | Aquatic vs terrestrial
Biotic vs abiotic
Plant vs animal vs microbial
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| What kinds of things do 'ecosystem scientists' study; how is this perspective different from that of other kinds of ecologists? | Ecologists who view ecological systems look at energy flow and nutrient cycling. They're focusing on trophic levels (ie producers, decomposers..) rather than species
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| What is an 'environmentalist'? | People concerned about our impact on environmental quality (ie air) and wasteful use of resources.
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| What are some distinctions between an environmentalist and an ecologist? | Environmentalists are often NOT trained ecologists (usually socially motivated)
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| Should ecologists and natural resource scientists be environmentalists? Why | They should be environmentalists since their work involves the environments so they should have that level of concern about the environment
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| What did the assigned article by Strong say about ecologists vs environmentalists? | They should be environmentalists since their work involves the environments so they should be concerned about it.
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| What are some of the basic and applied sciences and what is the distinction between them? | Basic science: Astronomy, Chem, Physics
Applied science: Applying knowledge from one or more basic scientific fields to practical problems ie Wildlife Mnagement
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| What is Conservation Biology, when did it emerge, and what its unique perspective? | Conservation Biology is the recognition of the importance of biological diversity.
60-70s
Emphasizes intrinsic value of all forms of life, not just those with economic value.
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| Why is it important to consider ethics in addition to basic and applied sciences? | We can know why we should conserve, to do the right thing that preserves the environment
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| What are the three major ethical perspective on natural resources | Preservation Ethic
Conservation Ethic
Land ethic
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| Describe the early preservation ethic (who and basic tenants) | John Muir- Intrinsic beauty of nature; nature is a temple; spiritual enlightenment
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| Describe the early conservation ethic (who and basic tenants) | Gifford Pinchot- Nature has utility; source of commodities
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| Describe the early land ethic (who and basic tenants) | Aldo Leopold- each species is a component of complex ecological system and a product of a long evolutionary history
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| What were some things going on in the Gilded Age? | Economy grew 400%
Technological Advances
Titans of industry created monopolies
Little government regulation
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| What is stewardship and how does it relate to natural resource conservation? | Responsibility for taking good care of the resources entrusted to one
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| What is the first rule of intelligent tinkering? | the first rule of intelligent tinkering it to keep all the pieces. So, if we loose ‘pieces’ of ecosystems, we risk the system loosing its function; and if the pieces lost cant be replaced, then the system wont function the same
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| What is implied by 'citizen-members', 'stewardship,' and 'husbandry' in Leopold's Land Ethic? | Humans are not "above" any other organisms. We are just another piece and need to work together with every other component.
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| What is "Reconciliation Ecology"? | Design and manage habitats for productive human use and maintenance of ecosystem structure, function, and processes.
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| Give some examples of applied sciences that are based on principles of ecology.. | Wildlife and Fisheries Management
Watershed Management
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| What is meant by 'agroecosystem'? | The living and non-living components in the environment in a agricultural area
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| Phoenix and Baltimore are examples of 'Urban LTER' sites. What does this mean? | They are cities growing at large rates. Their ecosystem structures and functions are being observed
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| How are principles of ecology relevant to natural resource policy? | Policy is based on good objective ecological science- this is the way it should be done. Gives objective of how to set policy
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| What is the origin of the word 'ecology?' | Greek
'Okios' = homes
'Logos' = study of
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| Why do we say ecology is a young science? Why might is be argued that humans have a long history of practicing ecology? | The first books were published in 1900. But indians did practice it
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| List some definitions of ecology | Structure and function of ecosystems
Distribution and abundance of organisms
Organisms in relation to environment
The biology of ecosystems
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| Why is pedology important to ecology? | Soil defines which plants grow where
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| Why is climatology important to ecology? | Climate can define which organisms can live where
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| Why is zoology important to ecology? | Zoology teaches us the behavior of animals. Important to know how animals interact with their environment
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| Why is it important for ecologists to be grounded in the basic science? | Everything is connected- need to know about each specific part
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| Why would knowledge of ethology and sociobiology be potentially useful for an ecologist? | Ethology is the study of behavior- so ecologists would need to know mating behaviors. Sociology would tell an ecologists about hers, packs..
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| What is an ecosystem? | A biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area as well as the biotic physical components of the environment
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| What are the abiotic and biotic components of the environment? | Abiotic- nonliving
Biotic- living
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| Do ecosystems have a characteristic size and shape? | It varies
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| What do ecosystem scientists study? | Both abiotic and biotic interaction as an integrated system
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| What is the reductionist approach in science? | involves dissecting systems into their constituent components and studying the components in isolation
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| What is the holistic approach to science? | Taking into the account all aspects of someone's needs
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| What is the ecological approach to science? | Concerning the distribution of plants and animals
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| What is biology? | The study of living things- their structure, function, and adaptations
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| what is taxonomy? | The classification of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
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| What is ecology? | Study of distribution and abundance of organisms, how organisms interact with each other and their environment
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| Define species | A group of organisms that share a common gene pool capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring
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| Define population | All the individuals of a given species in a given area
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| Define community | All the populations in a given area
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| Define ecosystem | The community enlarged to include abiotic factors
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| What is an autecologist? | Ecologists that specialize in a certain species of animals
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| What do population biologists or population ecologists study? | Birth/death rates, dispersal, emigration, longevity, immigration of all the individuals of a given species in a given area
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| What do community ecologists study? | All the populations of a given area. Plant communities, small mammal communities..
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| How is an ecosystem different from a community? | Ecosystems is the community enlarged to include abiotic factors
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| What did Leopold mean when he said that "and is not merely soil?" | The land represents an ecological system in all of its complexity; and we have an ethical responsibility for taking care of the resources embodied in ‘the land’.
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| What sorts of things do ecosystem scientists study? | Characteristics of ecosystems- size, shape, boundaries
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| What is a biome? | Regional ecosystem; characterized by distinctive plant formations, climates, and animals.
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| Is the biosphere an ecosystem? Why or why not? | Yes; it's a global ecosystem that contains organisms interacting with their environment
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| Are ecosystem open or closed? Why? | Ecosystems are open because other ecosystems outside of it affect it
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| How are the boundaries of ecosystems determined? | Boundaries of ecosystems are determined by the observer
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| How does the concept of 'emergent properties' apply to ecosystems? | Emergent properties apply to ecosystems because the whole is greater than the sum of parts. Some Interactions only happen when it as a whole
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| How does the concept of 'synergism' apply to ecosystems? | All components of an ecosystem work to produce an effect greater than their individual efforts. Things that happen when all the components interact ex: alchol and pills together . Separate, they have different effects
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| What do we mean when we say ecosystems have 'non-reducible properties?' | Non-reducible means that you cant break them up into their separate components
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| What ideas were illustrated using the blind men and elephant example? | You define something by what you specifically observe about it
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| In the 'Song of the Galvilan' section of Sand County Almanac, Leopold likened plants, animals, and soils to what? | are responsible
for it.
Plants, animals, and soil were likened to music.
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| What specific group of people was Leopold critical of in 'song of the Gavilan'? | Professors. They select a subject and dedicate their lives to taking it apart. This process is dismemberment, the place of dismemberment is the university.
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| What was the gist of the quote from E.O. Wilson? | There is a lot information available to us, just putting it all together is difficult
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| What were the 3 major periods defining human/wildlife relationships over the past 600 years in North America? | Precolonial and colonial, era of exploitation, and conservation
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| Relative to Anglo-Europeans, the impact of Native Americans on wildlife in North America was rather minimal. Why? | They had smaller numbers, low technology
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| What important habitat management tool used today was also used by Native American's before European contact? Why ? | Use of fires in eastern forests-- increased diversity
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| After contact with Europeans, how did native american lifestyles and environmental impacts change? | Numbers drastically dropped due to disease, they obtained horses and guns
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| Were early Spanish explorers interested in wildlife such as bison? Explain. | No, they were primarily interested in gold/silver and religious converts. They had no room to ship or store animal products.
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| What were two major impacts of Spaniards on North American ecosystems in the colonial period? | Introduction of domestic livestock and introduction of exotic plants
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| How did Russia impact north american wildlife in the early 1800s? In what geographic region. | The Russians nearly eliminated sea otters and fur seals. Near California, Pacific coast region.
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| Contrast the impacts of colonial Spaniards to those of the British, Dutch, and French. | Spaniards really had no explicit impacts. The British, Dutch, and French exploited the costal resources- fished, hunted birds, and marine mammals.
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| What is meant by the phrase 'commercially extinct' | The population of animal is too low for a business to make any money shipping for the resources
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| What are the 4 elements of the 'recipe for disaster' for wildlife exploitation? | Seemingly unlimited resources +
Philosophical predisposition to exploit +
Technological ability to exploit effectively
+ Rapidly expanding human population
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| What was the 'Myth of Superabundance' and what is its legacy? Current day examples. | Belief that populations are not disappearing; they are simply in a different area. (US thought the passenger pigeons had all moved to Canada.
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| What were some of the factors that lead to the rapid demise and near extinction of bison int he mid-late 1800s? | First- bison bones were used for fertilizer and china. Later, Bison hide was used for leather in factory belts. Most of the Bison (meat) was wasted
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| How does market hunting differ from sport hunting? | Market hunting is hunting for profit- need to harvest a lot, sport hunting is for leisure- there are controls (bag limits)- $ from license is used to help animal
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| What are 5 requisites for recovery of depleted wildlife population? | Public appreciation of the problem,
Strong leadership,
legislation,
development of science of ecology,
wildlife management, development of a funding system to support wildlife
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| Why were passenger pigeons, bison, and egret populations devastated in the 1800s? | Commercial hunting. Egrets (rookeries)- plumage; killed during breeding season
Bison- bones used for fertilizer and china
Passenger- meat
Commonality: large # but large greed
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| Who were some of the early advocates for conservation in North America? | Marsh, Hornaday, Calin, Roosevelt
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| What did George Marsh do? | Scientist/Congressman- Wrote "Mand and Nature"
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| What did William Hornaday do? | Wrote amazing report to the Smithsonian on the demise of bison
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| What did George Catlin do? | Artist called for the protection of Indians and wildlife
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| What did Teddy Roosevelt do? | Gave conservation national visibility
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| What were the key factors contributing to the development of scientific principles of wildlife management? | Science of ecology: recognized the importance of habitat in determining the wellbeing of a population of animals
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| Who wrote the first text on wildlife management principles, and when? | Aldo Leopold- Game Management 1933
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| Dr. Shaw emphasized three things that need to be managed for wildlife conservation. What are these? | Wildlife, Habitat, and People
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| Is the biggest threat to wildlife conservation in recent decades overexploitation or loss of habitat? | Loss of habitat- our population keeps growing
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| Traditional wildlife management emphasized hunting and fishing. What are some areas of emphasis of modern wildlife management and conservation? | Non-game wildlife, diversity; aesthetic- photographs
Used to be managing animals themselves; now gotta provide and manage a good habitat
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| What is a watershed? How big is a watershed? | A physical point where water drains to. Varies
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| What sort of things are watershed managers concerned with? | How land and other resources are used on a watershed in order to meet social goals without adversely affecting soil and water resources
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| What are some characteristics of Southwestern watersheds that make them unique from those in other parts of the US? | Arid climate- ephermeral streams
Population increasing
High consumption use of water
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| What is typically the greater concern in the Southwest, water quality or water supply? Why? | Water supply- potential evaporation exceeds precipitation
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| What is a ephemeral stream? | Only flows after rainfall, usually dry
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| What is a perennial stream? | Flows 90% of the time
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| What are intermittent streams? | Like ephemeral, but sometimes staggared
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| The highest consumptive uses of water in the SW USA are associated with what land use? | Agriculture
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| Land use in the West has transitioned from being 'extractive' to amenity driven'. What does this mean? | Instead of used for livestock, now for recreation
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| What are some water quality issues; and of these' which one is typically of most importance in the Southwest? | Heavy metals, nutrients, organics, sediments.Erosion and sedimentation is SW primary problem.
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| Heavy metals in southwestern groundwater and streams primarily come from what sources? | Mines
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| What are some watershed management concerns? | Protecting and improving soil productivity (erosion);
Stream flow regime Management (water supply);
Protection of aquatic and riparian habitat;
Water quality management
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| Watershed management is interdisciplinary. What are some of the fields of science that watershed managers draw upon? | Earth science, ecology, and management
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| What is Integrated Watershed Management? | The process of managing human activities and natural resources on a watershed basis. Allows us to protect water resources and addess population growth.
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| In what kinds of ecosystems do most threatened and endangered species occur? | Riparian and aquatic ecosystems
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| Over __% of Arizona's riparian and wetland systems have been lost over the past century. | 70%
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| What factors contributed tot e losses of ri[arian and wetland systems? | Limited water, pollution, and channel erosion
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| What is natural resources 'information science' and what are some of the tools used? | The application of computer technology to solve resource and environmental problems. Remote sensing, modeling, and simulation
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| What 'GIS' and 'GPS' refer to? | Global Positioning System
Geospatial Industry
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| How have GIS, GPS, and remote sensing tools revolutionized natural resources management? | Efficiency: managers can now collect field data with a GPS in the morning and make a map before the end of the day.
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| Dr. Guertin showed some maps of how land use in the New West has changed compared to traditional land uses. What do these maps indicate? | Less farming and more tourist/amenity economy
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| Define rangeland | Lands not suitable for crop production or commercial forestry and uncultivated land providing habitat for livestock and wildlife
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| What are some examples of ecosystems that constitute rangeland | Grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, savannas
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| Where do rangelands occur? | 70% of the world's land mass
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| Why are rangelands important? | Provides fedd for domestic ruminants, source of food and fiber, habitat, influence hydrology
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| What is the name of the professional society that is concerned with the ecology and management of rangelands? | Society for Range Management
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| What are some of the scietific disciplines that rangeland management draws from | Animal science, sociological sciences, plant, abiotic
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| What is herbivory | livestock grazing
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| What is grazing | consumption of herbaceous plants
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| What is browsing | Consumption of woody plants
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| What are some key problems on rangelands | Overgrazing, desertification, plant invasions
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| Why was buffelgrass introduced to the Sonoran Desert, and why is it now a problem? | Introduced to control erosion from overgrazing. Now it spreads rapidly and is a great fire starter
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| What was the gist of the article "Cows or Condos?" | Ranglands are being used for urban development more and more. Some argue that ranching is detrimental. PLants would most likely have a negative response to the removal of cattle.
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| ONe rangeland management problem in the rangelands of the western USA is the transformation of grasslands to what? | Woodylands
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| When managing herbivores on rangelands, what are some of the key things we need to know about them? | What do they eat, nutritional requirements, does the land have this? Health issues..
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| Approximately when did the numbers of grazing livestock peak in rangelands of the USA and Australia? What was the basis for the subsequent decline in numbers? | Early 1900s. Overgrazing.
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| Related to the above question, livestock numbers began to stabilize at moderate numbers in the 1940s. why? | Federal agencies came into play
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| What is the 'Tragedy of the Commons" and how does it relate to rangeland degradation? | Everyone exploits something for their self-interest even if it is not theirs? Lots of grazers brought on more cattle on rangelands because there was so much grass. Lead to overgrazing.
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| What are some examples of federal legislation that contributed to rangeland degradation in western USA? | Homestead Act, Forest Reserves Act,
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| What was the homestead act | granted 160 acres after 5 years residence. Encouraged people to move west for farming purposes 1862
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| What was the forest reserves act | Set aside forested areas for timber; grazing privileges were allocated to ranchers on these areas
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| What role did the Transcontinental Railroad Act of 1862 play in rangeland degradation. | Land was taken for the railroad, so people farmed on less land
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| When was the Taylor Grazing Act introduced and what did it do? | 1934. Gave grazing privileges only to those who could provide hay and water to livestock
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| About when did the environmental movement begin? | Began with Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, 1962
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| How did the environmental movement differ from the conservation movement? | Environmental focused on degradation and urban environments.
Conservation focused on resource extraction, rural land
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| Who was Thomas Malthus and what was his perspective on the environment? About when did he live? | He was a clergyman that believed that population would outweigh agriculture production, 1800s
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| What was Henry David Thoreau's perspective in the environment? | Transcendentalism. Humans would be better off in their natural state. "In wilderness is the preservation of the world."
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| Were Muir and Pinchot allies or antagonists? How so? | They were allies up until they started butting heads over a reservoir in California. Pinchot was utilitarian- all about using resources for humans (nicely though). Muir wanted to preserve the land because it was beautiful.
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| What were some events in the 1960s and 70s that led people to begin to question authority and the federal government? | There was tension about bombs, students in college were being drafted, baby boomers were independent college students now, civil rights movement
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| What was the environmental problem that was the focus of Silent Spring? | DDT spraying on Long Island, NY and birds dying
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| Describe how silent spring contributed to the modern environmental movement. | It showed how human were abusing the environment and there is a lot that we do that we dont know the affects of
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| What other factors beside Silent Spring contributed to the modern environmental movement? | Industrialism- byproducts and pollutants
Population growth
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| How did post WWII socio-economic conditions in the US contribute to the modern environmental movement? | It caused people to question the government more easily
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| What was Lynn White's theory on the cause of environmental degradation and provide an example of why his reasoning was weak. | He sais that Christianity caused environmental degradation- used quotes from the bible stating that humans have dominion over the world. His reasoning was weak because he used the Aswan Dam as an example, and they were muslims.
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| What was the significance of Paul Ehrlich's book the population bomb? What controversies did it stir? | He stated that since the population was rising so fast, agriculture would not be able to su[[prt everyone. He has extremist ideas of childbirth limits and punishments.
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| What were Garret Hardin's 4 main conclusion in his article The Tragedy of the Commons? | Freedoms in the commons brings ruin to all.
No technical solution, only a social solution.
Only coercive controls will work.
Only the state or privatization can solve the problem.
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| What did Hardin fail to recognize in The Tragedy of the Commons? | He did not give technical solutions; said to basically not give aid to 3rd world countries
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| What is deep ecology vs shallow ecology? | Deep ecology is more about politics while shallow is simple conservation efforts. Deep leads people to a higher order of thinking.
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| What is ecosophy? | Ecology + Philosophy
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| Why are federal lands concentrated in the Western US? | because the est was settled first so thatland got divided up during colonization- king was allocating land. Colonies allocated land- mostly private or state now. All of the W purchases opened up lots of land, so not taken yet
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| List 4 reasons the US gov was interested in western expansion after the Revolutionary War. | Pay off debt;
Passage of the Pacific;
Economic gain;
Spread democracy
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| List 3 major sources of federal land following the Revolutionary War. | Louisianna Purchase;
Florida Treaty;
Texas Annexation
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| List two ways federal lands were acquired. | Purchased;
won in war
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| What is the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) | Public Land Survey System- how to subdivide land
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| List three comparisons between the PLSS and metes and bounds systems. | Metes used natural boundaries, while PLSS used man-made markers (stakes);
There were more land disputes with metes since natural thing can change over time (rivers change);
PLSS was more organized, grid-like
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| Describe how PLSS surveys were conducted. | They used chains/links to measure length, natural resources were recorded, type markers were noted
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| List 2 reasons why the federal government wanted to privatize public lands | Revenue for government;
Many settlers anxious for opportunity to settle new areas
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| Describe two typical disbursements of federal land | Grants to state- land for agricultural colleges;
Grants to industry- railroads
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| Why is land currently owned by the federal government typically of poor quality? | The public grabbed the land with the best quality first, so the government was left with the undesirable land.
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| Compare the philosophies of preservation and conservation? | Preservation: Nature as a source of spiritual enlightenment (reverence for the natural world)
Conservation: Sensible, careful, wise use of natural resources
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| List two reasons the U.S. shifted from privatizing public land to preserving it. | Land fraud;
Overuse of resources
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| List three major important events in the conservation movement. | Congress creates Yellowstone National Park;
Congress passes first law to regulate hunting of seals;
Transcontinental railroad was built
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| Who designed Central Park in New York City? | Frederick Law Olmstead
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| Why was there public demand to preserve Niagara Falls? | Public access was limited and industrialization was taking over the area
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| Describe the origination of two environmental federal agencies still in existence today. | The US Forest Service was originally the Federal Division of Forestry- assessed condition of forests
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| Describe the origination of two environmental federal agencies still in existence today. | US Bureau of Reclamation was created to oversee water resource management in the west
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| What did Pinchot and T. Roosevelt accomplish during Roosevelt’s presidency? | “Midnight Reserves”- 32 forest reserves created in 2 days
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| What power does the Antiquities Act give to Presidents? | Presidents were given the right to rescind public use of land- make national monuments
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| Describe the arguments for damming Hetch Hetchy Valley. | For: Simplicity, low cost of construction, pristine water source
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| Describe the arguments against damming Hetch Hetchy Valley. | Against: Its beautiful. Should’ve argued economics and politics
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| How does the city of San Francisco benefit today from the dam in Hetch Hetchy? | Make $38 million a year from power sales
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| Name two ecological causes of the dust bowl. | Ecological cause: Plowing removed soil protection. When crops stopped growing, grasses couldn’t re-establish
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| Name two social/political causes of the dust bowl. | Social: US government had encouraged cultivation and settling because of war costs. WW! increased food costs, farming was more profitable
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