Chapter 2 Radiation Concepts
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| Science | use of knowledge in an organized and classified manner
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| Natural Science | the study of the universe and its contents
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| Two categories of natural science | physical and biological science
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| physical science | the study of nonliving matter
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| biological science | the study of living matter
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| Physics | a branch of physical science that studies matter and enery and their interrelationships
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| Matter | the substance that comprises all physical objects. It has shape and form and occupies space. Anything that has mass.
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| mass | the quantity of matter contained in an object and is a principle characteristic of matter
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| weight | the force that an object exerts under the influence of gravity
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| kilogram | unit of mass
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| mixture of substances | matter is most commonly found as this
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| substances | a material that has a definite and constant composition
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| mixture | two or more substances that have been combined
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| simple or complex | substances may be one of what two things
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| simple substance | is known as a element
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| complex substance | is known as a compound
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| element | a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by ordinary means
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| 92 | # of naturally occurring elements
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| atom | the smallest particle of an element that still possesses the chemical properties of that element
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| molecule | when two or more atoms are chemically united and is the smallest particle of a compund that still possesses the characteristics of the compound
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| Law of Conservation of Energy | the sum total of all matter and energy in the universe is a constant: matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
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| nucleus | small dense center of the atom
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| nucleons | protons and neutrons
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| protons and neutrons | responsible for almost all the mass of an atom
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| electrons | subatomic particle that cannot be divided into smaller parts
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| protons | the key characteristic that distinguishes one element from another
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| atomic number | the number of nuclear protons in an atom
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| Z number | another name for the atomic number
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| atom becomes different element | what happens when a atom loses or gains a proton
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| isotope | if an atom loses or gains neutrons
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| ion | if an atom loses or gains an electron
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| ionization | the process of adding or removing an electron from an atom
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| electron binding energy | that amount of energy needed to remove the electron from the atom
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| centrifiugal and attractive electrostatic force | the stability of the electron orbit is contributed by these two opposing forces
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| electron volt (eV) | the binding energy of an electron is measured in this unit
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| one | shell number of K
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| two | shell number of L
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| three | shell number of M
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| four | shell number of N
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| five | shell number of O
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| six | shell numper of P
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| seven | shell Q
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| work | the result of a force acting upon an object over a distance
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| mechanical energy | the result of the action of machines or physical movement
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| potential and kinetic energy | the two types of mechanical energy
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| potential energy | the energy that an object has because of its position; stored by virtue of its position until it is converted to another form
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| kinetic energy | the energy of motion
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| chemical energy | form of energy released during a chemical reaction
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| thermal energy | the result of motion of atoms and molecules
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| temperature | a measure of thermal energy
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| electrical energy | the result of movement of electrons
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| nuclear energy | stored in the nucleus of each atom and holds the nuclear particles in a tight bond
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| electromagnetic energy | a form of energy that is the result of electric and magnetic disturbances in space. travels through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields and is produced by the acceleration of a charge
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| speed of light (c) | the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum
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| wave-particle duality of radiation | EM radiation behaves as a particle or a wave depending on the circumstance
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| wavelength | the distance between two successive crests or troughs
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| lambda | character for wavelength
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| 0.1 - 0.5 angstroms | the wavelength of diagnostic x-rays
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| amplitude | the intensity of the wave defined by it maximal height
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| frequency | the number of waves that passes a particular point in a given time frame, or the number of cycles per seconds
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| nu (v) | the greek letter that represents frequency
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| inversely proportional | the relationship between wavelength and frequency
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| waves | electromagnetic energy travels through space in the form of this
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| particles | when electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in what form
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| photon or quantum | small bundle of energy
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| directly proportional | the relationship between the photon energy and frequency
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