axial & grashey; clavicle; toes; calcaneus; ankle; scapula; foot; AC
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| What is the patient positioning for the Inferosuperior axial shoulder? | patient supine w/ shoulder elevated; rotate head opposite way; arm abducted 90 degrees from body; palm up (extern. rotation)
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| What is the CR for the inferosuperior axial shoulder? | horizontal beam; directed 25-30 degrees medially into the axilla & humeral head
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| Which structures should be in profile for the inferosuperior axial shoulder? | lesser tubercle and coracoid process
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| How much should the body be rotated for a Grashey shoulder? | 35-45 degrees towards affected side
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| what is the CR for the grashey shoulder projection? | mid scapulohumeral joint
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| If glenohumeral joint space is closed and the coracoid process superimposed the humeral head by more than 1/4", then the obliquity is what? | too steep
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| What is the CR placement for AP Toes? | MTP joint (digits 1-5)
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| What rotation is for digits 4 & 5 on oblique toes? | lateral rotation
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| What joints need to be included in the AP clavicle? | AC and SC joints (acromioclavicular & sternoclavicular)
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| What is the patient position for the AP scapula? | erect or supine; posterior surface of shoulder against bucky; abduct arm 90 degrees and supinate hand
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| What is another name for the Axial calcaneus? | plantodorsal calcaneus
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| What is the CR for an AP ankle? | vertically thru ankle joint; midpoint between malleoli
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| What is the tube angulation for AP foot? | 10 degrees posteriorly
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| Which projection of the AC joints is done first? | w/o weights
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| Which joints are open on the AP foot? | MTP & TMT joints
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| What is the CR for the axial calcaneus? | base of 3rd metatarsal (exits posterior to malleoli)
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| Which joints should be opened on the AP toes? | IP and MTP joints
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| Which rotation is for the 3rd digit in oblique toes? | either medial or lateral
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| how much of the metatarsal should be visualized on the oblique toes? | 1/2 distal metatarsal
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| T or F: heads of metatarsals should overlap | False
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| How do you check for obliquity on toes? | heads of metatarsals should appear directly side by side with no or only minimal overlapping
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| which joint should be included on the axial calcaneus? | talocalcaneal joint
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| How can you tell if the calcaneus is rotated? | 1st or 5th metatarsal should will be projected to the side
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| On the axial calcaneus, what happens when the tube is angled too much or foot is dorsiflexed over 90 degrees? | elongation
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| Why is the tube angulation 40 degrees for the axial calcaneus? | Cieszynski's rule; if CR is to IR=foreshortened, if CR is to anatomy=elongation
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| What is the CR for the big toe (1st digit) on the lateral? | IP joint (interphalangeal joint)
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| What level should the sternal end of the clavicle be at on an AP clavicle? | T4
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| On a lateral scapula, if the arm is crossed over the body (hand on opposite shoulder) what is best demonstrated? | body & superior scapula
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| on a lateral scapula, if the arm is down by the side what part of the scapula is best demonstrated? | acromion & coracoid process
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| How can you tell if a lateral scapula is over rotated? | the lateral border is in the ribs
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| How can you tell the difference between the lateral border and the medial border of the scapula? | lateral border is thicker
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| On an inferosuperior axial shoulder, how can you tell if the tube angulation is too wide (far away from pt.)? | the coracoid base is in front of glenoid margin.
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| On a grashey shoulder, if the glenohumeral joint space is closed and the corcoid process is not superimposed over the humeral head then how is the obliquity? | too shallow
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| How can you check for rotation on AP foot? | -equal distance between 2nd & 5th metatarsals
-base of 1st and 2nd MT separated (2-5 appear overlapped)
-joint spaces between medial and intermediate cuneiforms should be opened
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| What is the relationship between the arch of the foot and the tube angulation for AP foot? | increase in arch = increase tube angulation; flat feet require less tube angulation because the CR should be perpendicular to the metatarsals
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| How much obliquity is for the oblique foot? | 30-40 degrees medially
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| What is the CR for the oblique foot? | perpendicular to the base of the 3rd MT. the general plane of the dorsum of the foot should be parallel to IR and perpendicular to the CR.
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| which projection is the sinus tarsi best seen on? | medial oblique foot
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| What is the CR for the lateral foot? | medial cuneiform
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| On a lateral foot, where should the fibula be seen? | fibula should overlap the posterior portion of the tibia
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| Which joint should be seen on the lateral foot? | talotibial joint
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| On the lateral foot, because of the transverse arch which digit should be more inferior? | 5th digit
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| On a lateral foot, how can you tell if the toes are elevated? | the fibula will superimpose more of the anterior part of the tibia.
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| What is an alternative projection for the AC joints? | unilateral. if the pt. is too large for one image.
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| Why is the unilateral AC joints projection preferred? | reduced thyroid dose and AC joint is more open because the CR is perpendicular.
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| Which landmarks should be perpendicular to the IR to have a true lateral scapula for a great Y-view projection? | acromial tip & superior angle
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| How can you tell if the scapula is under rotated on a lateral Y-view? | lateral border still lateral but not superimposing
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| What is the CR for AP scapula? | mid scapula; 2" inferior to coracoid process (level of axilla) & 2" medial from lateral border.
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| on the AP clavicle what structure should superimpose over the clavicle? | superior angle of scapula
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| On the axial clavicle, where should the medial end of the clavicle project? | superimpose over 1st and 2nd ribs
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| How should a L lateral foot be displayed correctly? | toes point to the right
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| How much tube angulation is needed for the axial calcaneus? | 40 degrees cephalic
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| How should a R axial shoulder (inferosuperior) shoulder be correctly displayed? | the glenoid cavity should be on the R side. Like you are looking at the pt. from the tube view.
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| What is the CR for the lateral calcaneus? | 1" inferior to medial malleolus
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| T or F: on the AP ankle, the malleoli will be the same distance from the IR. | False: the lateral malleolus is 15 degrees more posterior
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| On the AP ankle which joint is there some overlapping and is normal? | tibiofibular
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| What is the CR for AP ankle? | vertically thru ankle joint; midpoint between malleoli
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| T or F: on the AP ankle, the talus should slightly overlap the distal tibia. | false; the talus should slightly overlap the distal fibula
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| how much obliquity should the oblique ankle have? | depends if you are doing the mortise or oblique; between 15-45 degrees medially
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| What does the mortise ankle rotation show? | the mortise ankle; the malleoli are parallel to the IR.
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| What does the 45 degree oblique ankle show? | the entire fibula in profile; there is more distance between the fibula and tibia also
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| what is the main purpose of the oblique ankle? | to demonstrate the fibula unsuperimposed
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| What articulation is free of superimposition on the oblique ankle? | talofibular articulation
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| If the sinus tarsi is demonstrated on the oblique ankle what does that mean? | the ankle/foot was rotated more than 45 degrees.
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| What is the CR on the lateral ankle? | perpendicular at the medial malleolus
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| on the lateral ankle which joint should be well visualized? | talotibial joint
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| Where should the fibula be projected on the tibia on a lateral ankle? | over the posterior half.
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| On an AP ankle, if the distal tip of the fibula is not free of superimposition of the calcaneus means what? | the toes are pointed down and the ankle is not dorsiflexed.
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