Urinary System
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| cystoscopy | visual examination of the urinary bladder and urethra using a cystoscope (thing, tubelike instrument with a light and lens for viewing) inserted through the urethra. examine urinary bladder, tumor biopsies, remove polyps
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| dialysis | mechanical filtering process used to remove metabolic waste products from blood, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail to function properly
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| electrolytes | solutions that conducts electricity, such as acids, bases, and salts (sodium, potassium)
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| metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism
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| pH | symbol for the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution or the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
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| transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) | surgical procedure that removes part of an enlarged prostate via an instrument inserted through the urethra
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| cyst/o | bladder
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| vesic/o | bladder
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| glomerul/o | glomerulus
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| meat/o | opening, meatus
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| nephr/o | kidney
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| ren/o | kidney
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| pyel/o | renal pelvis
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| ur/o | urine, urinary tract
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| urin/o | urine, urinary tract
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| ureter/o | ureter
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| urethr/o | urethra
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| -emia | blood condition
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| -iasis | abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
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| -lysis | separation, destruction, loosening
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| -pathy | disease
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| -pexy | fixation (of an organ)
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| -ptosis | prolapse, downward, displacement
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| -tripsy | crushing
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| -uria | urine
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| an- | without, not
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| poly- | many, much
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| supra- | above, excessive, superior
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| azoturia | increase of nitrogenous substance, especially urea, in urine
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| diuresis | increased formation and secretion of urine
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| dysuria | painful or difficult urination, typically due to a urinary tract condition, such as cystitis
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| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluids in the cells, tissues, or other parts of the body that may be a sign of kidney failure or other disease
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| end-stage renal disease | kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the kidneys can no longer (chronic renal failure) adequately filter blood and eventually requires dialysis or renal transplantation for survival
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| enuresis | (night-time bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis) involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established
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| hypospadias | abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the under surface of the penis
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| interstitial nephritis | pathological changes in renal interstitial tissue that result in destruction of nephrons and severe impairment in renal function
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| nephrolithiasis | formation of stones (calculi) in the kidney that results when substances that are normally dissolved in the urine solidify (calcium and acid salts)
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| renal hypertension | high blood pressure that results from kidney disease
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| uremia | (azotemia) elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood
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| urinary tract infection (UTI) | infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder by microorganisms that either ascend from the urethra or that spread to the kidney from the bloodstream
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| Wilms tumor | malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before age 5, includes signs like hypertension, a palpable mass, pain, and hematuria
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| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | laboratory test that measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste product) in the blood and demonstrates the kidneys' ability to filter urea from the blood for excretion in urine
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| urea | nitrogenous waste products
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| kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) | radiographic examination to determine the location, size, shape, and possible malformation of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
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| pyelography | radiographic study of the kidney, ureters, and usually the bladder after injection of a contrast agent
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| intravenous pyelography (IVP) | (intravenous urography, excretory urography) radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization of the entire urinary tract
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| retrograde pyelography (RP) | radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is introduced through a cystoscope directly into the bladder and ureters to provide detailed visualization of the urinary structures and also to locate urinary tract obstruction
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| renal scan | nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance injected intravenously that concentrates in the kidney
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| urinalysis (UA) | physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine
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| voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) | radiography of the bladder and urethra during the process of voiding urine after filling the bladder with a contrast medium
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| catheterization | insertion of a catheter (hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid, most commonly through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine
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| lithotripsy | method of removing stones that crushes them into smaller pieces so they can be expelled in the urine
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| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy | use of powerful sound wave vibrations to break up stones in the kidney
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| nephrolithotomy | surgical procedure that involves a small incision in the skin and insertion of an endoscope into the kidney to remove a renal calculus
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| renal transplantation | (kidney transplantation) organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease
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| antibiotics | treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by action on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
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| antispasmodics | decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder (caused by UTIs and catheterization) by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, allowing normal emptying of the bladder
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| diuretics | block reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, thereby increasing the amount of salt and water excreted in the urine (causes reduction of fluid retained in the body and prevents edema)
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| urinary system | remove wastes products from metabolism is the primary function
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| nephrology | do diagnosis and treatment in kidney disease, kidney transplamtation, and dialysis therapies
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| urology | study of urinary system
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| hydronephrosis | excessive accumulation of urine in renal pelvis due to obstruction of a ureter
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| prostatomegaly | caused by tumor growth, thickening of the bladder wall
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| hemodialysis | passing blood through artificial knindey for filtering out impurities
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| peritoneal dialysis | introducing fluid into the abdomen through catheter
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| urology | associated with urinary system
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| nephrologists | specialize in managing kidney disease, kidney transplantation and dialysis therapies. nephrology is internal medicine
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| urinary system | remove waste products from metabolism from blood by excreting them in urine. maintain balance in electrolytes and an acid base balance (pH) in blood
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| hydronephrosis page 199 | excessive acculumation of urine in the renal pelvis due to obstruction of an ureter
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| refluxes | when urine flows backward because it is blocked from flowing into the bladder. results in abnormal dilation of renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys. due to stone (stricture) or tumor growth due to thickening of bladder wall and prostatomegaly
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| stone | calculus
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| hydroureter | urinary obstruction in the proximal part of the ureter due to a stone
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| hydronephrosis | englarged right kidney due to pressure from urine reflux, causes renal dysfunction
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| dialysis page 200 | process of removing waste products from blood when kidneys are unable to do so
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| hemodialysis | involves passing blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities
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| peritoneal dialysis | involves introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter.
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