Evolution and Darwin
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| evolution | the processes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today
change in genes
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| Jean Baptiste Lamarck | proposed "The inheritance of acquired characteristics"
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| Charles Darwin | realized that natural forces gradually change Earth's surface and that the forces of the past are still operating in modern times
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| Charles Darwin | wrote "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"
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| Charles Darwin | traveled to the Galapagos Islands to collect plants and animals, and he observed species that lived no where else in world
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| Jean Baptiste Lamarck | proposed that by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends to develop certain characteristics, which it passes on to its offspring
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| 1. Species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species 2. Proposed a mechanism for evolution: NATURAL SELECTION | Darwin's two main points
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| Differential Reproduction | Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environment
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| Artificial Selection | the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man
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| 1. Biogeography 2. Fossil Record 3. Evidence of Taxonomy 4. Homologous structures 5. Comparative embryology 6. Molecular biology | Evidence of evolution
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| popular genetics | the science of genetic change in population
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| population | a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species
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| species | a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring
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| gene pool | the total collection of genes in a population at any one time
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| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | the concept that the shuffling of genes that occur during sexual reproduction, by itself, cannot change the overall genetic makeup of a population
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| 1. Very large population 2. Isolation from other populations 3. No net mutations 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection | The Hardy-Weinberg Principle will be maintained in nature only if all five of these conditions are met:
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| macroevolution | the origin of taxonomic groups higher than the species level
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| microevolution | a change in a population's gene pool over a secession of generations
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| 1. Genetic Drift 2. Gene Flow 3. Mutation 4. Non-random mating 5. Natural Selection | Five Mechanisms of Microevolution
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| genetic drift | change in the gene pool over a secession of generations
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| founder effect | genetic drift resulting from the colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals
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| gene flow | the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals or gametes
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| mutation | change in an organism's DNA that creates a new allele
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| non-random mating | the selection of mates other than by chance
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| natural selection | Differential reproduction
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| 1. Stabilizing selection 2. Directional selection 3. Diversifying selection | Natural Selection
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| speciation | the evolution of new species
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| convergent evolution | species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments
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| coevolution | evolutionary change, in which one species act as a selective force on a second species, inducing adaptions that in turn act as selective force on the first species
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| biogeography | geographical distribution of species
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| fossil record | fossils and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rock
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| Evidence of Taxonomy | classification of life forms
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| homologous structures | structures that are similar because of common ancestry
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| comparative embryology | study of structures that appear during embryonic development
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| molecular biology | DNA and proteins (amino acids)
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