Radiobiology: Study of Effects of Ionizing Radiation
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| the study of effects of radiation on humans | radiobiology
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| suggests that low levels of radiation(<50 mGy or 5 rad)provides a protective effect by simulating molecular repair mechanisms | radiation hormesis
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| at what level do all effects of radiation begin | at the atomic level of a structure
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| what are the three catagories of human response to radiation | *early *late(chronic/delayed) *embryo-fetal
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| what are some symptoms of early effects of radiation | *acute radiation syndrome *local tissue damage *hematologic damage(drops blood count) *cytogenic(cellular change)
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| what are some symptoms of late/delayed effects of radiation | *cancer
*local tissue damage
*life span shortening
*genetic effects
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| what is a point lesion | change in genetic code
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| what does prodrome mean | early symptom
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| what is something if it is latent | dormant
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| what are the three stages of radiation effects | *prodrome
*latency
*manifest
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| what is something if it is acute | sudden onset
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| what are the dose effects discussed | *250 mSv= drop in cell count
*1500 mSv= erythema adn NVD
*3000 mSv= lethal dose, 50% of exposed population will die within 30 days(LD 50/30)
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| how many levels of cellular composition are there | 7
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| what is the 1st level of cellular composition | chemical or atomic
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| what happens at level 1(chemical or atomic) | interactions between elements to combine into molecules
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| what is a large molecule with a major function | macromolecule
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| what is homeostasis | constancy of internal environment
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| what is catabolism | breakdown of molecules
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| what is anabolism | building up of molecules
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| what is metabolism | process of building up and breaking down of molecules (catabolism and anabolism working together)
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| what is the composition of a macromolecule | *80% water
*15% proteins
*2% lipids
*1% carbohydrates
*1% RNA
*1% DNA
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| what is the importance of water within a cell | *provides form and cell shape
*maintains temperature
*enters into biochemical reactions
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| what is the only non-organic molecule in the body | water
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| what role does protein play within a cell | *chain of 22 amino acids connected by peptide chain
*provides structure and support
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| what do enzymes do | allow biochemical reactions
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| what do hormones do | regulate and control body functions
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| what are antibodies | primary defense against antigens
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| antigen | foreign substance that causes body to produce antibodies, when introduced to body
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| what role do lipids play within the cell | *structural component of cell membrane
*thermal insulator
*provide energy storage and fuel
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| what role do carbohydrates play within the cell | *fuel for cell metabolism
*provide shape and stability for cells/tissues
*poly or monosaccharides
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| what is the role of RNA within a cell | *Single strand(helix)
*found in nucleus and cytoplasm
*messanger and transfer RNA
*protein synthesis
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| what is the role of DNA within a cell | *found only in nucleus
*double helix
*hold nitrogenous bases
*contain 5-carbon sugar(pentose, which is a monosaccharide)
*phosphoric acid bonds
*contains all hereditary info
*found on chromosome
*most radiosensitive MM
*contains codon
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| what makes up the side rails of DNA ladder | alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
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| what makes up rungs of DNA ladder | pairs of nitrogenous bases(one purine and one pyrimidine)
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| a series of 3 adjacent bases in one polynucleotide chain of a DNA or RNA molecule, which codes for a specific amino acid | codon
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| basic unit of matter, consists of nucleus and surrounded by negatively charged electrons | atom
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| (A#) number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus | atomic mass
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| (Z#) number of protons in a nucleus | atomic number
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| two atoms that have same number of protons but different number of neutrons/same atomic number different atomic mass | isotope
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| group of 8 e- in outermost shell, cannot chemically combine | octet
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| determines the chemical binding ability of an atom | valence
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| constancy of internal environment | homeostasis
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| what is the second level of cellular composition | organelles
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| what is an organelle | small organ within a cell with specific functions
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| what are the different types of organelles within a cell | *endoplasmic reticulum
*golgi aparatus
*lysosomes
*mitochondria
*ribosomes
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| organelle found within the cytoplasm that functions as channels whereby nucleus communicates with cytoplasm | endoplasmic reticulum
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| organelle that concentrates and packages secretion products (mailman) | golgi apparatus
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| organelle that contains enzymes capable of digesting cellular fragments and sometimes the cell itself | lysosomes
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| where macromolecules are digested to produce cellular energy, known as the workhorse or engine of the cell | mitochodria
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| small organelle, which is the site of protein synthesis | ribosomes
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| what is the third level of cellular composition | the cell
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| what is a cell | basic living subunit, within any living organism
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| has single helix strand, found in and outside of nucleus, and comes in messanger, and transfer varieties | ribonulceic acid(RNA)
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| the most radiosensitive of all macromolecules, since it contains genetic info. found inside of nucleus and controls cell function | deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)
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| this part of the cell is made of lipid-protein that selectively allows small molecules and water to diffuse and provide structure and form | cell membrane
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| outside of nucleus but within plasma membrane, contains organelles and all living things within a cell, made of 70%-90% water | cytoplasm/protoplasm
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| what are the basic functions of the cell membrane | *protein synthesis- genetic code contained in DNA tells which protein to be produced
*code transfers to mRNA within nucleus, mRNA leaves via ER on way to ribosome, where it is tranferred to tRNA. tRNA searches cytoplasm for the coded amino acid.
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| what is the next step after tRNA finds the amino acid that matches the code it carries | it attaches to the amino acid and carries it to the ribosome, where it joins other amino acids in sequence by peptide bonds to form protein molecule.
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| what happens if there is any interference with any of the sequences of protein synthesis | could result in damage to the cell
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| all cells of the body except the oogonium and the spermatogonium | somatic cells
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| what type of cells are oogonium(ovum) and spermatogonium(sperm) | genetic cells
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| which type of cells undergo mitosis | somatic cells
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| what are the phases of mitosis | *prophase
*Metaphase
*anaphase
*telophase
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| *genetic material forms strands in nucleus, the 1st sign of chromosome formation *nucleus and chromosomes enlarge *membrane begins to break down *chromosomes move toward equatorial plate | prophase
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| *chromosomes at equatorial plate *membrane completely broken down *chromatids attach to spindle fibers by centromere *duplication | metaphase
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| *splitting of each chromosome at centromere, so that a centromere and two chromatids are attached to a spindle fiber, which is attached to a spindle or pole *newly formed chromosomes migrate to opposite poles or spindles | anaphase
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| *structural chromosomes disappear into mass of DNA *nuclear membrane is pinched in middle and two new nuclei are formed | telophase
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| *towards the end of telophase *cytoplasm is divided into two equal parts(daughter cells), each one keeping one of the nuclei *not a part of mitosis, but a seperate part of proliferation | cytokinesis
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| what is the life cycle of a cell | *gap 1-preperation for synthesis(part of interphase)
*DNA is synthesized(part of interphase)
*gap 2-preperation for mitosis(part of interphase)
*mitosis
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| genetic cells undergo what type of proliferation | meiosis- reduction division*chromosomes are reduced from 46 to 23 after to cycles(mother cells divide into two daughter cells, which are then each divided into two grandaughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes)
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| *exchange of chromosomal material between chromatids, resulting in changes to genetic make-up and inherited traits*happens in second cycle of meiosis | crossing over
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| what happens in level 4 of cellular organization | groups of similar cells form tissues
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| what happens in level 5 of cellular organization | two or more tissues with common function form organs
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| what happens in level 6 of cellular organization | groups of organs form the 10 body systems
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| what are the 10 body systems | *immune
*skeletal
*nervous
*digestive
*cardiovascular
*integumentary
*respiratory
*endocrine
*reproductive
*excretory
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| what happens at level 7 of cellular organization | living organism
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| what are the most radiosensitive cells in the body | *lymphocytes
*spermatogonia
*erythroblasts
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| what are the most radioresistant cells in the body | *muscle cells
*nerve cells
*chondrocytes
*erythrocytes
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| *the part of the cell cycle between one mitotic phase and the next, from the end of cytokinesis to the beginning of the next prophase *period of growth of the cell, between divisions | interphase
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| what is RBE | relative biologic effectiveness- dose of radiation necessary to produce an effect vs. dose of a different type of radiation to produce same effect
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| what are the embryo/fetal radiation dose effects during 1st two weeks of pregnancy | no known effects
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| what are the embryo/fetal radiation dose effects during weeks 2 to 10 | congenital abnormalities, such as mental retardation or most commonly skeletal deformities
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| what are the embryo/fetal radiation dose effects during 2nd and 3rd trimesters | malignant childhood disease, most commonly leukemia
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| which two nitrogenous bases are purines | adenine and guanine
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| which two nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines | thymine and cytosine
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| a unit formed from a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar molecule, and a phosphate molecule | nucleotide
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