vocab
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| acute pain | pain of less than 6 months' duration for which an underlying pathology can be identified
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| a-beta fibers | large, myelinated nerve fibers with the receptors located in the skin, bones, and joints that transmit sensation related to vibration, stretching of skin, and mechanoreception. when working abnormally, these fibers can contribute to the sensation of pain
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| a-delta fibers | small, myelinated nerve fibers that transmit pain quickly to the CNS in response to high intensity mechanical stimulation, heat, or cold. Pain transmitted by these fibers usually has a sharp quality.
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| afferent nerves | nerves that conduct impulses from the periphery toward the CNS
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| allodynia | pain that occurs in response to stimuli that do not usually produce pain
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| analgesia | reduced sensibility to pain
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| autonomic nervous system | the division of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities of smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular secretion. the autonomic nervous system is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
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| c fibers | small, unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit pain slowly to the CNS in response to noxious levels of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulation. pain transmitted by these fibers is usually dull, long-lasting, and aching
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| chronic pain | pain that persists beyond the usual or expected length of time for tissue healing
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| complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | a chronic disease characterized by severe pain, usually in an arm or leg, associated with dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system and central sensitization, usually following trauma. CRPS was previously called reflex sympathetic dystrophy
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| efferent nerves | nerves that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery
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| endogenous opioid theory | the theory that pain is modulated at peripheral, spinal cord, and cortical levels by endogenous neurotransmitters that bind to the same receptors of exogenous opioids
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| endorphins | old name for opiopeptins
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| enkephalins | pentapeptides that are naturally occurring in the brain and that bind to opioid receptors, producing analgesic and other opioid-associated effects
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| gate control theory of pain modulation | the theory that pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of innocuous afferent input
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| hyperalgesia | increased sensitivity to noxious stimuli
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| neurotransmitter | a substance released by presynaptic neurons that activates postsynaptic neurons
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| nociception | the sensory component of pain
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| nociceptors | nerve endings that are activated by noxious stimuli, contributing to a sensation of pain
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| noxious stimulus | any stimulus that triggers the sensation of pain
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| opiopeptins | endogenous opioid-like peptides that reduce the perception of pain by binding to opioid receptors. opiopeptins were previously called endorphins
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| pain | an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or threatened tissue damage
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| pain gating | the inhibition of pain by inputs from non-nociceptive afferents
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| pain-spasm-pain cycle | the cycle in which nociceptor activation results in transmission cell activation that stimulates anterior horn cells to cause muscles to contract.
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| patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) | patients control own pain pump
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| referred pain | pain experienced in one area when the actual or threatened tissue damage has occurred in another area
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| sensitization | a lowering of the pain threshold that increases the experience of pain
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| substance P | a chemical mediator thought to be involved in the transmission of neuropathic and inflammatory pain
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| sympathetic nervous system | the part of the autonomic nervous system involved int the "fight or flight" response fo the body, causing increased heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating as will as dilation of the pupils
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| synapse | the site of functional connection between neurons where an impulse is transmitted from one neuron (the presynaptic neuron) to another (the postsynaptic neuron) usually by a chemical neurotransmitter
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| transduction | a process by which a chemical or mechanical stimulus is converted into electrical activity
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| transmission cells (T cells) | second-order neurons located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that receive signals from pain fibers and make connections with other neurons in the spinal cord
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