Cardiovascular System
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| angioplasty | surgical procedure that opens a blocked artery.
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| arteries | large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
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| capillaries | microscopic blood vessels joined arterioles and venules
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| congenital | pertaining to presence of a disorder at the time of birth, which may result from genetic or environmental causes
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| metabolism | the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism
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| myocardium | middle layer to the walls of heart that is composed of cardiac muscle
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| veins | vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart
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| aneurysm/o | widening, widened blood vessel
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| arteri/o | artery
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| ather/o | fatty plaque
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| atri | atrium
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| cardi/o | heart
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| coron/o | heart
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| phleb/o | vein
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| ven/o | vein
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| thromb/o | blood clot
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| varic/o | dilated vein
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| vas/o | vessel; vas deferens; duct
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| vascul/o | vessel
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| ventricul/o | ventricle (of heart or brain)
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| -cardia | heart condition
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| -stenosis | narrowing, stricture
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| brady- | slow
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| aneurysm | localized dilation of a blood vessel wall (usually an artery) due to a congenital defect or weakness in the vessel wall
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| angina pectoris | (angina) mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia;
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| arrhythmia | (dysrhythmia) irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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| fibrillation | irregular, random contraction of heart fibers that commonly occurs in the atria or ventricles of the heart and is usually described by the part that is contracting abnormally, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation
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| arteriosclerosis | (hardening of the arteries) thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
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| atherosclerosis | most common form of arteriosclerosis caused by accumlation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and eventually total blockage
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| bruit | soft blowing sound heard on ausculation caused by turbulent blood flow
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| embolus | mass of undissolved matter (commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble) that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel
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| heart block | disease of the electrical system of the heart, which controls activity of heart muscle
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| first degree heart block | atrioventricular (AV) block in which the atrial electrical impulses are delayed by a fraction
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| second degree heart block | AV blood in which only some atrial electrical impulses are conducted to the ventricles
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| third degree heart block | (complete heart block CHB) AV block in which no electrical impulses reach the ventricles
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| heart failure (HF) | condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet
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| hypertension (HTN) | consistently elevated blood pressure, causing damage to the blood vessels and ultimately the heart
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| ischemia | inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part due to an interruption of blood flow
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| mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | structural abnormality in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve does not close completely, resulting in a backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction
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| murmur | abnormal sound heard on auscultation caused by defects in the valves or chambers of the heart
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| myocardial infarcation (MI) | (heart attack) necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries
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| patent ductus arteriosus | failure of the ductus arteriosus (which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch in a fetus) to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
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| raynaud disease | (Raynaud phenomenon) severe, sudden vasoconstriction and spasm in fingers and toes followed by cyanosis after exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress
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| rheumatic heart disease | streptococcal infection that causes damage to the heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults
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| stroke | damage to part of the brain due to (cerebrovascular accident CVA) interruption of its blood supply caused by bleeding within brain tissue or more commonly blockage of an artery
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| thrombus | (blood clot) a stationary blood clot formed within a blood vessel or within the heart, commonly causing vascular obstruction
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| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly
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| transcient ischemic attack (TIA) | (ministroke) blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted but does not cause permanent brain damage and may be a warning sign of a more serious and debilitating stroke in the future
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| cardiac catheterization | insertion of a small tube (catheter) through an incision into a large vein, usually of an arm (brachnial approach) or leg (femoral approach) that is then threaded through a blood vessel until it reaches the heart
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| cardiac enzyme studies | battery of blood tests performed to determine the process of cardiac damage
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| echocardiography | ultrasound technique used to image the heart and evaluate how the heart's chambers and valves are working and to diagnose and detect pathological conditions
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| electrocardiography | (cardiography) creation and study of graphic recordings (electrocardiograms) produced by electric activity generated by the heart muscle
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| Holter moniter | monitoring device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph reading (usually 24 hours) on a portable tape recorder while the patient conducts normal daily activities
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| stress test | electrocardiography (ECG) taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (typically using a treadmill) while measuring oxygen consumption
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| nuclear stress test | ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
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| troponin I | blood test that measures protein released into the blood by damaged heart muscle (not skeletal muscle) and it is a highly sensitive, specific indicator of recent myocardial infarction
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| angioplasty | surgery that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery
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| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | angioplasty in which peripheral veins are removed and each end of the vein is sutured onto the coronary artery to create new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries, allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
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| cardioversion | (defibrillation) restoration of normal heart rhythm by applying an electrical countershock to the chest using a device called a defibrillator
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| defibrillator | device used to administer a defibrillating electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm
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| automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) | (impantable cardioverter defibrillator) surgically implanted electrical device that automatically detects and corrects potential fatal arrhythmias by delivering low-energy shocks to the heart
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| automatic external defibrillator (AED) | portable computerized device that analyzes the patient's heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest
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| endarterectomy | surgical removal of the lining of an artery
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| carotid endartecrectomy | removal of plaque (atherosclerosis) and thromboses from an occluded carotid artery to reduce the risk of stroke
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| endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) | (endovenous laser ablation EVLA)treatment of large varicose veins in the legs in which a laser fiber is inserted directly into the directly into the affected vein to heat the lining within the vein, causing it to collapse, shrink, and eventually disappear
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| sclerotheraphy | chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue which closes the veins
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| valvuloplasty | (percutaneous valvuloplasty) insertion of a balloon catheter in a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta and into the heart to widen a stenotic (stiffened) heart valve and increase blood flow
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| anticoagulants | prevent the clotting or coagulation of blood
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| beta blockers | slow the heart rate and reduce the force with which the heart muscle contracts, thereby lowering blood pressure
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| nitrates | relieve chest pain associated with angina and ease symptoms of heart failure (HF)
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| statins | reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and block production of an enzyme in the liver that produce cholesterol
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| thrombolytics | dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis
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| cardiologist | treats adults
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| pediatric cardiologist | treats infants, children, and adolescents
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| cardiovascular system CV | composed of the heart (muscular pump), extensive network of blood vessels
purpose: is to deliver oxygen, nutrients and other substances, remove cellular metabolism
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| CV process | carried out by arteries, capillaries, and veins
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| blood circulation | through heart and body depends on contraction of the heart, or heart and nerve tissues in the conduction system of the heart
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| systole | contraction
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| diastole | resting period between contractions when heart fills with blood
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| coronary artery disease CAD page 119 | condition involves narrowing of the coronary arteries, resulting in failure of the arteries to deliver an adequate supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)
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| arteriostenosis | narrowing of the arterial walls, caused by atherosclerosis
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| occlusion | total blockage in artery from plaque accumulation
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| infarction | area of the heart muscle dies
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| treatment for CAD | angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft CABG
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| varicose veins | (varicosities) dilation of veins from long periods of pressure prevents complete closure of the valves. enlarged, twisted, superficial veins. blue, bulging
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| healthy veins | competent
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| unhealthy veins | incompetent. do not close completely
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| varicose veins. page 120 | increases risk of thrombosis. treatment: sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation EVLA (larger veins), microphlebectomies (small veins). stripping, ligation
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