Clin Med
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| Cell | smallest unit capable of sustaining life
Chemical components organized in a self-sustaining manner
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| Nervous | action potentials & membrane pumps
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| Muscular | generating tension (sarcomere)
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| Tissue | groups of cells w/ a shared purpose
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| Connective | Support & connection (elastin)
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| Epithelial | exchange btwn cell & surroundings (secretory glands)
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| Organ | 2 or more types of tissues organized for fxn(s)
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| Orginism | manifestation of the interaction of bodily systems
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| Cytoskeleton | Cell shape
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| Microtubules | Maintain patency (openness)
Ex. nerve axon
Allow asymmetric cell shape.
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| 3 Roles of Microtubules | 1. Transport of secretory vesicles (axon flow) by mc motors.
2. Give shape to cilia & flagella
3. Mitotic spindles.
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| 2 Mc Motors | 1. Kinesin
2. Dynein
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| Dynein | Distal to prox
Ex. Debris & waste for removal to cell body.
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| Kinesin | Prox to distal
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| Microfilaments | Smallest
Most cmn: myosin & actin
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| 2 fxn's of Microfilaments: | 1. Contractile mechs
2. Enhance cell structure & stability
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| Actin | Exs. 1. Contractile ring during cytokinesis
2. Myofibroblasts- wound closure
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| Intermediate-filaments | Stability & Resistance to ext applied stress.
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| 2 most important Intermed-filaments | 1. Neurofilaments
2. Keratin
3. desmosomes
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| Epidermolysis bullosa | skin
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| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | motor neuron degeneration
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| Endoplasmic Reticular | Fxn: to make protein & lipid
Rough ER (& ribosomes): synth proteins for secretion or int membr support; synth lipids for new membranes.
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| Smooth ER | purpose: packing & discharging from ER
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| Golgi comples | Fxn: further processing
releases secretory vesicles through exocytosis
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| 2 important steps that occur in the Golgi Complex | 1. Raw mats processed into finished prod
2. Sorting finished prods to final destination
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| Lysosomes | Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes
Clean up crew
digest old organelles & their wastes, prods, etc...
Phagocytosis
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| 3 types of endocytosis: | 1. pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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| Phagocytosis | lg particles
pseudopods extend from membr to engulf particle
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | binding signals internalization of membr
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| Peroxisomes | Oxidative enzymes & catalase
oxidize waste prods
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| Vaults | mRNA to site of protein synth
neg role in cancer- drug resistance
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| 3 membr components: | 1. Cholesterol
2. Membr proteins
3.CHO's
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| Fluid-mosaic model | permits shape changes
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| Channel Membrane Proteins | membrane spanning; water-sol subs only; ions; small
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| Carrier Molecule | trans specific subs unable to pass independently through channel proteins; lg; vs. conc grad or not.
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| Docking marker acceptors | dock & lock incoming secretory vesicles
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| Membr bound enzymes |
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| Receptor proteins | bind mc's for cell fxn; binding triggers event inside cell
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| Cell adhesion proteins | hold proteins of tissues together
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| extra-cellular matrix (ECM) | biological glue; interstitial fluid; permits diffusion btwn blood & cells
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| 3 Major Proteins (in CHO-based gel): | 1. Collagen
2. Elastin
3. Fibronectin
offer structural connection from cell to cell
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| Collagen | resists longitudinal stress (ex. skin); tensile strength resists stress
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| Fibronectin | Connector protein (CAM)
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| 3 specialized cell jxn's beyond the ECM: | 1. Desmosomes
2. Tight jxn's
3. Gap jxn's
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| Desmosomes | designed to hold cells together very strongly; spot rivots; in tissues subjected to stress
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| Gap jxns | tunnels that facilitate passage or rapid comm btwn cells
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| Mobilization | breakdwn of lipid at storage site into FFA's; stim'd by hormone sensitive lipase- release from storage for mobilization; HAL is inhibited by high insulin or high blood glucose levels
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| Uptake (into cell) | Specific receptors for FFA on the sacrolemma (Fatty acid binding protein- FABP)
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| Activation | occurs in cytoplasm; raises energy level of FA to prep for entry to metab; costs 2 ATP
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| Translocation | transfer across mitochondrial membr by carnitine
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