*BLHS Biological Bases of Behavior
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| Neuropsychologists | Explore the relationships between the brain/nervous systems and behavior
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| Broca's Area | Left frontal lobe part controls language expression
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| expressive aphasia | loss of ability to speak
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| receptive aphasia | loss of ability to comprehend written or spoken language
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| Lesions | precise destruction of brain tissue
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| Wernicke's Area | Left temporal lobe that plays role in understanding language and making meaningful sentences
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| Corpus callosum | broad band of nervous tissue that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres transmitting information from one side of the brain to the other
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| Central Nervous System | consists of your brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Portion of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It inlcudes all of the sensory and motor neurons, and subdivisions called the autonomic and somatic nervous
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| Somatic Nervous System | subdivision of Peripheral Nervous System that includes motor nevers that innervate skeletal (voluntary) muscle
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| Autonomic Nervous System | subdivision of Peripheral Nervous System that includes motor nerves that innervate smooth (involuntary) or heart muscle.
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | Subdivision of Autonomic Nervous System whose stimulation results in responses that help the body deal with stressful events; prepares the body for "fight or flight"; running from a terrifying object or situation
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Subdivision of Autonomic Nervous System whose stimulation calms the body following sympathetic stimulation by restoring normal body processes; causes bodily changes for maintenance or rest; calming down after running from a terrifying object or situation
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| Association Areas | Do not have specific sensory or motor functions, but are involved in higher mental functions, such as thinking, planning, and communicating
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| Contralaterality | control of one side of your body by the other side of your brain
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| Medulla Oblongata | Regulates heart rhythm, blood flow, breakthing rate, digestion, vomiting
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| Pons | Part of brainstem that includes portion of reticular activating system or reticular formation critical for arousal and wakefulness; sends information to and from medulla, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex
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| Cerebellum | Maintains balance
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| Thalamus | Relay "station" for sensory pathways carrying visual, auditory, taste, somatosensory information to/from appropriate areas of cerebral cortex; Some nuclei involved in emotion
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| Hypothalamus | Controls body temperature and heart rate via control of sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the medulla; drives such as thirst, hunger, sexual desire and behaviors; emotional states such as rage; helps determine biological rhythms:menstrual cycle
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| Amygdala | Influences aggression and fear; someone scares you and your immediate reaction is to fling your arms in self defense the amygdala is at work
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| Hippocampus | Enables formation of new long-term memories
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| Cerebral Cortex | receives and processes sensory information and directs movement; center for higher order processes such as thinking, planning, and judgement
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| Excitatory | Neurotransmitters cause the neuron on the other side of the synapse to generate an action potential (to fire)
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| Inhibitory | Reducing or preventing neural impulses, (not likely to fire
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| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | Results in severe, irreversible brain damage unless a baby is fed a special diet low in phenylalanine within 30 days of birth; the infant lacks an enzyme to process this amino acid which can build up and posion cells of the nervous system
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| Huntington's Disease | dominant gene defect that invloves degeneration of the nervous system; symptoms involve forgetfulness, tremors, jerky motions, loss of the ability to talk, personality changes such as temper tantrums or inappropriate accusations, blindness or death
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| Plasticity | When one area of the brain is damaged, the brain can recognize to take over is function
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