Body Structure
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| anterior | toward the front of the body, organ, or structure
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| anteroposterior | pertaining to the front and the back of the body, or passing from the front to the back of the body
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| inferior | pertaining to below, lower, or toward the tail
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| scan | process of using a moving device or sweeping beam of radiation to produce images of an internal organ, area, or tissue in the body
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| adduction | movement towards the midline of the body
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| adbuction | movement away from the midline of the body
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| superior (cephalic, cranial) | above, higher, toward the head
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| inferior (caudal) | below, lower, toward the back
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| anterior (ventral) | front of the body, toward the front
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| posterior (dorsal) | back of the body, toward the back
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| medial | pertaining to the middle, toward the midline
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| lateral | pertaining to the side, toward the side
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| external | outside, exterior to
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| internal | within, interior to
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| superficial | toward or on the surface
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| deep | away from the surface
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| proximal | near the point of attachment
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| distal | farther from the point of attachment
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| parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity
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| visceral | pertaining to the organs within a cavity
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| abdomin/o | abdomen
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| caud/o | tail
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| cephal/o | head
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| cervic/o | neck, cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
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| crani/o | cranium (skull)
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| ili/o | ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)
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| inguin/o | groin
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| lumb/o | loins (lower back)
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| pelv/i, pelv/o | pelvis
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| spin/o | spine
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| thorac/o | chest
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| umbilic/o | umbilicus, navel
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| anter/o | anterior, front
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| dist/o | far, fartherst
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| dors/o | back (of the body)
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| infer/o | lower, below
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| later/o | side, to one side
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| medi/o | middle
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| poster/o | back (of the body), behind, posterior
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| proxim/o | near, nearest
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| super/o | upper, above
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| ventr/o | belly, belly side
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| cyt/o | cell
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| hist/o | tissue
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| nucle/o | nucleus
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| radi/o | radiation, x-ray, radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)
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| -ad | toward
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -algia, -dynia | pain
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| -gen, -genesis | forming, producing origin
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| -logist | specialist in the study of
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| -logy | study of
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| -lysis | separation, destruction, loosening
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| -meter | instrument to measure
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| -plasia | formation, growth
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| -toxic | poison
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| bi- | two
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| epi- | above, on
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| infra- | below, under
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| trans- | across, through
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| adhesion | band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other
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| inflammation | protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy
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| sepsis | body's inflammatory response to infection in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure
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| endoscopy | visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lightened instrument called an endoscope
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| fluoroscopy | (radiographic procedure) uses fluorescent screen to produce a visual image from x-rays. produces a continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | (radiographic technique) uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
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| nuclear scan | (diagnostic technique) produces image of an organ or area by recording the concentration of a tracer (is put into body by ingestion, inhalation)
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| radiography | producing captured shadow images on a photographic film through action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source
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| radiopharmaceutical | drug that contains a radioactive substance. It travels to an area or a specific organ that will be scanned
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| tomography | (radiographic technique) produces film representing a detailed cross-section of tissue structure at t predetermined depth
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| computed tomography scan (CT) | narrow x-rays beam, targets a specific organ or body area, produces lots of cross-sectional images to deter pathological conditions such as tumors or metastases
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| positron emission tomography scan (PET) | (nuclear imaging) combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals to produce a cross-sectional image of radioactive dispersements in a body section. These reveal where body is metabolized and where there is a metabolism deficiency. in Alzheimer disease, epilepsy
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| single-photon emmission computed tomography scan (SPECT) | (nuclear imaging) scans organs after radioactive tracer injection. employs a gamma camera that detects emitted radiation to produce 3d images from numerous views. Used for blood flow and functioning in organs
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| ant | anterior
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| AP | anteroposterior
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| Bx, bx | bioposy
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| CXR | chest x-ray, chest radiograph
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| LAT, lat | lateral
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| PA | posteroanterior
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| Sx | symptom
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| Tx | treatment
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| cellular level | molecules combine to form cells (basic structural and functional units of the body)
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| tissue level | groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function
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| organ level | structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue with specific functions
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| system level | related organs with a common function
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| organism level | collection of body systems that make up a human (Most complex level)
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| median place | verticle plane that passes through body midline (midsaggital plane)
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| frontal plane | plane that divides body into front and back portions (coronal plane)
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| horizontal plane | plane that separates body into superior and inferior portions (transverse plane)
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| abdominal quadrants | page 28
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| abdominopelvic regions | page 29
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| body positions for examination | page 30 and 31
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| erect standing position | (anatomical position). page 31
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| trendelenburg positions | patient is lying flat on his back and the table is tilted with the head of the table is downward
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