IB Philosophy terms
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| absolutism | doctrine of government by a single absolute ruler; autocracy
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| absurdism | doctrine that we live in an irrational universe
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| agnosticism | doctrine that we can know nothing beyond material phenomina
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| anarchism | doctrine that all governments should be abolished
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| anthropomorphism | attribution of human qualities to non-human things
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| asceticism | doctrine that self-denial of the body permits spiritual enlightenment
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| aethism | belief that there is no God
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| capitalism | doctrine that private ownership and free markets should govern economics
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| collectivism | doctrine of communal control of means of production
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| conservatism | belief in maintaining political and social traditions
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| deism | belief in God but rejection of religion
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| determinism | doctrine that events are predetermined by preceding events or laws
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| dualism | doctrine that the universe is controlled by one good and evil force
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| egalitarianism | belief that humans ought to be equal in rights and privileges
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| empiricism | doctrine that experiences of the senses is the only source of knowledge
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| existentialism | doctrine of human responsibility in an unfathomable human universe
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| fatalism | doctrine that events are fixed and humans are powerless
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| gnosticism | belief that freedom derives solely from knowledge
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| hedonism | belief that pleasure is the highest good
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| historicism | belief that all phenomena is historically determined
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| humanism | belief that human interests and mind are paramount
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| humanitarianism | doctrine that the highest moral obligation is to improve human welfare
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| idealism | belief that our experiences of the world consist of ideas
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| immoralism | rejection of morality
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| individualism | belief that individual interests and rights are paramount
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| liberalism | doctrine of social change and tolerance
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| libertarianism | doctrine that personal liberty is the highest value
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| materialism | belief that matter is the only extant substance
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| mechanism | belief that life is explainable by mechanical forces
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| monism | belief that all things can be placed in one category
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| naturalism | belief that the world can be explained in terms of natural forces
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| nihilism | a doctrine that denies any objective ground of truth and especially moral truth
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| objectivism | doctrine that all reality is objective
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| optimism | doctrine that we live in the best of all possible worlds
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| pessimism | doctrine that the universe is essentially evil
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| pluralism | belief that reality consists of several different entities
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| positivism | doctrine that that which is not observable is not knowable
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| pragmaticism | doctrine emphasizing the practical value of philosophy
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| rationalism | belief that reason is the fundamental source of knowledge
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| realism | doctrine that elements of cognition are real
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| reductionism | belief that complex phenomena are reducible to simple ones
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| romanticism | belief that sentimental feeling is an artistic expression
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| skepticism | doctrine that true knowledge is always uncertain
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| socialism | doctrine of centralized state control of wealth and property
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| solipsism | theory that self-existence is the only certainty
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| stoicism | belief in indifference to pleasure of pain
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| subjectivism | doctrine that all knowledge is subjective
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| theism | belief in the existence of God
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| transcendentalism | theory that emphasizes that which transcends perception
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| utilitarianism | belief that utility of actions determines moral value
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