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Philo ISMs
IB Philosophy terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absolutism | doctrine of government by a single absolute ruler; autocracy |
| absurdism | doctrine that we live in an irrational universe |
| agnosticism | doctrine that we can know nothing beyond material phenomina |
| anarchism | doctrine that all governments should be abolished |
| anthropomorphism | attribution of human qualities to non-human things |
| asceticism | doctrine that self-denial of the body permits spiritual enlightenment |
| aethism | belief that there is no God |
| capitalism | doctrine that private ownership and free markets should govern economics |
| collectivism | doctrine of communal control of means of production |
| conservatism | belief in maintaining political and social traditions |
| deism | belief in God but rejection of religion |
| determinism | doctrine that events are predetermined by preceding events or laws |
| dualism | doctrine that the universe is controlled by one good and evil force |
| egalitarianism | belief that humans ought to be equal in rights and privileges |
| empiricism | doctrine that experiences of the senses is the only source of knowledge |
| existentialism | doctrine of human responsibility in an unfathomable human universe |
| fatalism | doctrine that events are fixed and humans are powerless |
| gnosticism | belief that freedom derives solely from knowledge |
| hedonism | belief that pleasure is the highest good |
| historicism | belief that all phenomena is historically determined |
| humanism | belief that human interests and mind are paramount |
| humanitarianism | doctrine that the highest moral obligation is to improve human welfare |
| idealism | belief that our experiences of the world consist of ideas |
| immoralism | rejection of morality |
| individualism | belief that individual interests and rights are paramount |
| liberalism | doctrine of social change and tolerance |
| libertarianism | doctrine that personal liberty is the highest value |
| materialism | belief that matter is the only extant substance |
| mechanism | belief that life is explainable by mechanical forces |
| monism | belief that all things can be placed in one category |
| naturalism | belief that the world can be explained in terms of natural forces |
| nihilism | a doctrine that denies any objective ground of truth and especially moral truth |
| objectivism | doctrine that all reality is objective |
| optimism | doctrine that we live in the best of all possible worlds |
| pessimism | doctrine that the universe is essentially evil |
| pluralism | belief that reality consists of several different entities |
| positivism | doctrine that that which is not observable is not knowable |
| pragmaticism | doctrine emphasizing the practical value of philosophy |
| rationalism | belief that reason is the fundamental source of knowledge |
| realism | doctrine that elements of cognition are real |
| reductionism | belief that complex phenomena are reducible to simple ones |
| romanticism | belief that sentimental feeling is an artistic expression |
| skepticism | doctrine that true knowledge is always uncertain |
| socialism | doctrine of centralized state control of wealth and property |
| solipsism | theory that self-existence is the only certainty |
| stoicism | belief in indifference to pleasure of pain |
| subjectivism | doctrine that all knowledge is subjective |
| theism | belief in the existence of God |
| transcendentalism | theory that emphasizes that which transcends perception |
| utilitarianism | belief that utility of actions determines moral value |
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