study guide
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pharmacodynamics | ways in which drugs work to change body function; the study of how drugs work with other medications, enzymes or cell receptor sites in the body
🗑
|
||||
| pharmacokinetics | the study of how drugs move through the body; mechanism of action
drug metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| four steps of pharmacokinetics | 1. absorption - how it gets into bloodstream
2. distribution - how it gets to target tissue
3. metabolism - how cells convert drug for use
4. elimination - how it is removed from body
🗑
|
||||
| pharmaceutics | ceutic = magician + pharmakon = drug
the science of preparing and dispensing drugs to a patient after he or she has been examined by a licensed HCP
🗑
|
||||
| factors affecting absorption | where and how much was given
🗑
|
||||
| intrinsic drugs | chemicals that the body makes; hormones, enzymes, growth factors etc
🗑
|
||||
| extrinsic drugs | made outside the body, must be taken into the body to change cell, organ or body action
🗑
|
||||
| OTC - what must the patient know | have less potential for harmful side effects, no prescription required, allow you to control your own health care, can still cause health problems and may interact with prescription drugs
🗑
|
||||
| generic name | always lower case, USAN creates generic names, some part of all generic names for drugs of one class will be the same (-statin, -olol) once a name is approved it is public and not owned by any one drug company
🗑
|
||||
| brand name | created by each drug company, always capitalized, will have a TM (trademark) or R (registered) after the name
🗑
|
||||
| steady state | balancing drug entry with drug elimination
🗑
|
||||
| why discuss herbal supplements with pharmacist | herbal supplements have cellular effects that can be harmful or can interact with other drugs, people may take large quantities because if a little is good for me then a lot is better for me,
🗑
|
||||
| organ of elimination of drugs from the body | intestinal tract, kidneys and lungs
🗑
|
||||
| 2 patient identifiers | name and birth date
🗑
|
||||
| 7 Rights | 1. right patient 2. right drug 3. right dose 4. right route 5. right time 6. right documentation 7. right to refuse a drug
🗑
|
||||
| SL | sublingual
🗑
|
||||
| PO | oral (per os)
🗑
|
||||
| BID | twice per day
🗑
|
||||
| TID | three times per day
🗑
|
||||
| standing order | an order written when a patient is to receive a drug on a regular basis
🗑
|
||||
| High alert drugs | P-potassium
I-insulin
N-narcotics
C-chemotherapy agents
H-heparin
🗑
|
||||
| agonist | mimics intrinsic drugs
activates receptor site
🗑
|
||||
| antagonist | blocks receptor sites so intrinsic drugs can not bind, slows or stops the activity; it is similar so that it binds to receptor site but doesn't activate it; competes with intrinsic drug
🗑
|
||||
| nonreceptor actions | does not use receptors
🗑
|
||||
| physiological effect | outcome of the mechanism of action of a drug,
expected and unexpected response,
allergic reaction,
personal (idiosyncractic)
🗑
|
||||
| side effects | mild changes
🗑
|
||||
| adverse effects | (ADR)harmful side effect more severe than expected
toxic or toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| bioavailability | the amount of drug dose that acturally reaches the bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| percutaneous | skin or mucous membrane,
must be lipid soluble,
a drug placed in lowest 1.5 inches of rectum
🗑
|
||||
| enteral | GI tract
drug placed high in rectum, feeding tubes
🗑
|
||||
| parenteral | injection,
IV drugs are 100% bioavailable
🗑
|
||||
| compartments | 1st - blood stream or blood volume
2nd - blood volume and interstitial spaces
3rd - blood volume, interstitial spaces and intracellular spaces
🗑
|
||||
| hydrophilic drugs | limited on entering intracellular spaces
🗑
|
||||
| fist-pass loss | rapid inactivation or elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| when is a drug considered eliminated | when less than 10% of the drug remains in the system
in general it is 5 half-lives after the last dose
🗑
|
||||
| paradoxical effect | effect of a drug is opposite expected effect
🗑
|
||||
| toddler through adolescent | have higher metabolism than an adult,
a drug would be given at a lower dose but more often
🗑
|
||||
| infants and young children | water soluble drugs are eliminated faster due to increased water content and surface area
🗑
|
||||
| teratogenic or teratogens | drugs that cause birth defects
3rd-8th week is most critical time of embryo development
🗑
|
||||
| category A | studies show no risk to fetus
🗑
|
||||
| category B | no studies on humans, animal studies show no risk to fetus
🗑
|
||||
| category C | no studies have been done on humans or animals
🗑
|
||||
| category D | human studies show increased risk to fetus
🗑
|
||||
| category X | studies show risk to fetus
DO NOT GIVE TO PREGNANT WOMEN
🗑
|
||||
| nurses role | administer drug, teach, know desired effects and side/adverse effects
🗑
|
||||
| minimum info on written RX | date , patient name,
name and address of subscriber,
generic or brand name of drug,
strength, times taken per day,
instructions, number of doses to dispense,
number of refills,
prescriber's signature,
🗑
|
||||
| principle of administration of drugs | must know the drug
know pt drug history, allergies, ADR, lab values and changes in condition
be aware of prescribed limitations
listen to the patient
🗑
|
||||
| enteral drugs | Before: check order, wash hands, check identifiers, check wrist band
After: document, check pt for side effects, ADR and desired effects
🗑
|
||||
| feeding tube (enteral) | Before: check about crushing tablets or opening capsules, sit pt upright, withdraw stomach contents with syringe or use end-tidal CO2 detector to make sure tube is in stomach
After: flush with 50 mL of water;
if suction is used, clamp tubing for 30 mins
🗑
|
||||
| Rectal drugs | Before: does pt have diarrhea, surgery or trauma to rectum?
know history of vasovagal reaction
use sims position (left lateral)
lubricate suppository
insert about 1 inch
🗑
|
||||
| Parenteral drugs | IV
IM
intradermal
Subcutaneous
🗑
|
||||
| interdermal drugs | 3/8 inch, 25 guage
between layer of skin
15 degree angle, bevel up
DO NOT aspirate
drug volume - 0.01 to 0.1 mL
🗑
|
||||
| subcutaneous | 3/8 to 5/8 inch, 25-27 guage
between skin and muscle
45 degree angle (90 degree if pt is obese)
aspirate for anything except insulin or heparin
apply pressure
drug volume - 0.5 to 1 mL
🗑
|
||||
| IM | 1-1.5 inches, 20-22 guage
use deltoid, vastus lateralis or dorsogluteal muscles
90 degree angle
aspirate
drug volume: children no more than 1 mL, adults no more than 3 mL
🗑
|
||||
| Z track | if drug is irritating or would permantly stain tissue; pull tissue laterally and hold while injecting drug
🗑
|
||||
| IV | check patency of IV site
remove air from tubing
document site and flow rate
check for infection, extravasation (fluid escaping from vein) and infiltration (fluid collecting in tissues)
🗑
|
||||
| Percutaneous drugs | absorption affected by size of area, concentration of drug, contact time, condition of skin
🗑
|
||||
| topical drugs | applied to skin for local effects
🗑
|
||||
| transdermal drugs | applied to skin but enters blood stream
🗑
|
||||
| topical/transdermal drugs | clean area,apply in smooth, thin layer, cover area
remove old patch, clean site (previous also), rotate sites: for children, place a transdermal patch on back between shoulder blades
🗑
|
||||
| mucous membranes | includes: buccal, sublingual, eyes, ears, nose, inhaled, vagina
🗑
|
||||
| learning | to acquire new knowledge that results in a persistent change of behavior
🗑
|
||||
| listening | the key to know what is taught is actually being learned
🗑
|
||||
| cognitive | intellectual learning
🗑
|
||||
| psychomotor | motor skills
🗑
|
||||
| affective domain | attitudes, values, interests, appreciation and adjustment - helps the pt value information - motivation, longest lasting form of learning
🗑
|
||||
| androgogy | adult learning
🗑
|
||||
| pedagogy | child learning
🗑
|
||||
| give this info clearly to pt | drug name, purpose of drug, how it works, how to take it, special instructions, expected response, side effect, ADR, when to call provider
🗑
|
||||
| polypharmacy | pt is prescribed many drugs
🗑
|
||||
| normal body temp | 97-100 F
36.1-37.8 C
🗑
|
||||
| Celsius to Fahrenheit | (C x 1.8) + 32
round to tenth
🗑
|
||||
| Fahrenheit to Celsius | (F - 32)/1.8
round to tenth
🗑
|
||||
| 60 gtt | 1 tsp
🗑
|
||||
| 15 gtt | 1 mL
🗑
|
||||
| 3 tsp | 1 TBS
🗑
|
||||
| 1 tsp | 5 mL
🗑
|
||||
| 2 TBS | 1 oz or 30 g or mL
🗑
|
||||
| 8 oz | 240 mL
🗑
|
||||
| 16 oz (1 pt) | 454 g (dry) 500 mL
🗑
|
||||
| 32 oz (1 qt) | 1000 mL
🗑
|
||||
| 4 qt | 1 gallon
🗑
|
||||
| mEq | used to measure electrolytes: KCl, KPO4, Ca++
🗑
|
||||
| Mother killed her dog under duress cause Max made noise (my favorite mnemonic) | M K H D U D C M . . M . . N
🗑
|
||||
| compared to basic unit | K 1000
H 100
D 10
d 0.1
c 0.01
m 0.001
mcg 0.000001
micro gram 0.000000001
🗑
|
||||
| drug error | most caused due to not following one or more of the rights
🗑
|
||||
| pounds to kilograms and vise versa | lb / 2.2
kg x 2.2
🗑
|
||||
| inch to centimeter | inch = 2.54 cm
🗑
|
||||
| buccal drugs | given between cheek and molar teeth of upper jaw
🗑
|
||||
| sublingual | placed under tongue
🗑
|
||||
| controlled substance | Controlled substances are drugs that have some potential for abuse or dependence. These drugs are regulated by the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) – this law helps the US Government fight against the abuse of these drugs.
🗑
|
||||
| half-life | time span needed for half of the drug to be eliminated.
🗑
|
||||
| peak and troughs | peak=maximum blood drug level: trough= minimal blood drug level
🗑
|
||||
| prodrug | an inactive substance that is converted to a drug within the body by the action of enzymes or other chemicals.
🗑
|
||||
| what factors slow the absorption of drugs | affected by anything occurring in the stomach or intestines. diarrhea can move the drug too quickly, calcium can bind with some drugs and keep them from absorbing,
🗑
|
||||
| what factors affect drug distribution | size and chemical nature of the drug, dehydration, low blood pressure, trapping of the drug in certain tissues (sequestration)
🗑
|
||||
| single dose order | an order to give a drug once only
🗑
|
||||
| PRN order | given to the pt as needed
🗑
|
||||
| stat order | given ASAP, per class notes you have 10 minutes to give a stat order
🗑
|
||||
| right time | you have a 30 minute window to give ordered drugs in order to stay within the "right time"
🗑
|
||||
| sentinel event | A sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof
🗑
|
||||
| what drug route is most dangerous | IV, 1. the IV may infiltrate.
2. it is expensive and nursing intensive.
3. rapid administration of a drug can lead to toxicity.
4. the patient always has more side effects.
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
nursingTSJC2013
Popular Nursing sets