Final exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Basal Ganglia | Neural structures involved in the initiation of motor movement & emotion, which includes the caudate nucleus, putamen and substantia nigra
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| Mylin Sheath | Insulating cover around some axons that increases a neurons ability to transmit impulses quickly (mylin sheath are made of specialized cells glial cells. If damaged causes MS
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| Neurotransmitter | Chemical substance produced & secreted by neurons that causes a change in the receiving neurons resting potential
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| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter involved with the initiation of motor movement, attention & learning & memory. (The dopamine system mediates reward & pleasure, & it is the substance addiction)
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| Medulla | Lowest part of the brain just above the spinal cord. Controls vital life support functions: breathing, heart beat, blood pressure, sneezing and coughing
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| Amygdala | A small limbic system structure located next to the hippocampus in the brain that plays an important role in the expression of anger, rage, fear & aggressive behavior
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| Thalamus | Referred as brains relay station because of the role it plays in routing incoming sensory information to appropriate areas within cerebral cortex. (Plays a role in regulating sleep cycle)
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| Anxiety Disorder | A generalized feeling of dread or apprehension typically accompanied by a variety of physiological reactions including increased heart beat, rapid shallow breathing, sweating, muscle tension, drying of the mouth
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| Panic Disorder | Anxiety disorder in which a person experiences numerous panic attacks. (4 or more in a 4 week period)Feeling of unreality or depersonalization. Sometimes occurs during sleep
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| Social Learning Theory | Theory that emphasizes the role of observation in learning. (Bobo doll)
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| Extinction | In Pavlovian conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response is eliminated through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the process of eliminating a response by discontinu
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| Law of effect | Behavior followed by a satisfying consequence(effect) would be strengthened. Behavior followed by reinforcement will be strengthened while behavior followed by punishment will be weakened
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| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted & unshakeable thoughts or irresistible habitual repeated actions.(washing hands 5 times in a row)
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| Shaping | Operant conditioning a technique in which responses that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior are reinforced, step by step, until desired behavior occurs
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| Learned Helplessness | A diminished ability to learn an avoidance response following exposure to unavoidable aversive stimulation
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| Dissociative Disorders | Includes psychogenic amnesia, depersonalization-derealization disorder, dissociative identity disorder, in which the thoughts & feelings that generate anxiety are separated or dissociated from conscious awareness
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| Delusion | An exaggerated & rigidly held belief that has little or no basis in fact
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Is an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic worry that is not typically associated with social situations. (excessive thinking/worrying of what if, finances, health, school, work for at least 6 mos)
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| Catatonic Schizophrenia | Subtype of schizophrenia by extreme psychomotor disturbances, which may range from stuporous immobility to wild excitement & agitation
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| Types of Medication for Bipolar | SSRI's
MAOI's
Tricyclics
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| Systematic Desensitization | Behavior therapy using a Pavlovian conditioning technique that pairs the slow, systematic exposure to anxiety-inducing situations with relaxation training (slowly facing fears)
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| Transference | In psychotherapy, a process in which a patient begins to relate to the therapist in much the same way as to other important person in his/her life(such as a parent)
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| Rational-emotive Therapy | Approach to therapy based on the premise that psychological problems result when people interpret their experiences based on self-defeating, irrational beliefs
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| Behavior Therapy | Therapy based on the assumption that maladaptive behavior has been learned & can therefore be unlearned
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| Trait Theories | Are primarily descriptive theories in that they attempt to identify specific dimensions or characteristics that are associated with different personalities( Idiographic approach, Nomothetic approach)
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| Free Association | Psychoanalytic technique by Freud which patient relax and say whatever comes to mind first
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| Reciprocal Determinism | Bandura the principle that individuals behaviors & thus personalities are shaped by the interaction between cognitive factors & environmental factors.
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| Reality Principle | According to Freud, the tendency to behave in ways that are consistent wit reality. the reality principle govern the ego
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| Unconscious Mind | According to Freud's theory, the vast reservoir of the mind that holds countless memories & feelings that are repressed or submerged because they are anxiety producing (the mind as an iceberg with most hidden beneath the surface of the unconscious)
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| 5 Purpose Model of Personality | Purposed by Norman. Useful in predicting behavior & assist with diagnosis of certain psychological disorders. O-openness to experience, C-conscientiousness, E-extraversion, A-agreeableness, N-neuroticism
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| Neo-Freudians | Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney
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| Displacement | Defense mechanism in which a person diverts his/her impulse driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety. (bad day at the office, comes home and kicks the dog)
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| Thematic Apperception Test(TAT) | Projective test for personality assessment in which the subject is shown cards(30) depicting various scenes & is asked what is happening in the scenes.
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| Illusion of Control | Attributional bias caused by the belief that we control events in our lives that are really beyond our control (leaving late helped us avoid an accident that happened to someone else that could've been us)
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| Primacy Effect | Used to describe the phenomenon that the first info we received about a person often has the greatest influence on our perception of that person
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| Halo Effect | Tendency to infer other positive or negative traits from our perception of one trait in another person (thinner men are rated as more attractive & successful than heavier men)
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| False consensus Bias | Attribution bias caused by the assumption that most people share our own attitudes & behaviors
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| Acrostics | Sentences whose first letters serves as cues for recalling specific info- a mnemonic device
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| Mere Exposure Effect | Phenomenon by which repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to increase an individuals preference for such stimuli
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| Foot-in-the-door technique | Technique for encouraging compliance in which a person is first asked to agree to a relatively minor request that serves as a setup for a major request (what I do at FTC)
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| Eidetic Imagery(photographic memory) | The very rare ability to retain large amount of visual material with great accuracy for several minutes, more common in children
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| Schemas | In reference to memory, conceptual frameworks that individuals use to make sense out of stored information(in Piaget theory, the mental structures we form to assimilate and organize processed info)
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| 3 Different Types of Amnesia | Organic- memory deficits caused by altered physiology of the brain(accident/illness)
Anterograde-memory loss for info process after an individual experience brain trauma caused by injury or chronic alcoholism
Retrograde-Memory loss for certain details/e
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| Psychophysics | Study of the relationship between the physical aspects of external stimuli & our own perception of these stimuli
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| Flashbulb Memory | Vivid recall for earlier events associated with extreme emotion, surprise or uniqueness (Bombing of Murrah, 9-11)
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| Somatic Marker | An emotion & its corresponding feeling attached to possible outcomes of decision process. (associating something to something to make us think or feel that way about something)
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| Yerks-Dodson Law | Principle that the optimum level of arousal for peak performance will vary somewhat depending on the nature of the task
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| Leptin | A hormone that is produced by fat cells & appears to signal satiety to neurons in the hypothalamus (inhibits eating & increases metabolic rate)
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| Psychoneuro-immunology | the scientific study of the relationships between behavior & disease processes
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| James Lang Theory | Theory that explains emotional states (such as fear) resulting from an organism's awareness of bodily responses to a situation rather than from cognitions about the situation
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | Theory that people experience psychological discomfort or dissonance whenever cognitions or behaviors are in conflict (supporter of abortion but then protests when a close friend is considering it)
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