Cardiopulminary Science & Respiratory Skills
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| Define autonomy | ethical principal which acknowledges patient's person liberty and their right to decide upon their best course
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| Define veracity | ethical principal which binds the healthcare giver and the patient to tell the truth
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| Who discovered the fudamentals of gas exchange | Lavoiser
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| Who discovered that animals can't live in an environment which will not support a flame | Leonardo Da Vinci
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| What is the purpose of the AARC | promote education,lobby congress,promote professionalism and act as a "voice" for its members
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| Robert Boyle discovered what important gas law | pressure varies inversely with volume(boyle's law)
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| Who established the Pneumatic Inst. of Bristol | Beddoes
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| Define beneficence | the ethical principle that requires the respiratory therapist to actively contribute to the well-being of the patient he serves
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| Who performed the first recorded respiratory physiology experiment | Aristole
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| Who is the Father of Inhalation Therapy | Beddoes
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| In what section of the patient history can a detailed descrption of the patient's current symptom be found | history of present illness
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| The( )respiratory therapist is the highest credential in the profession | registered
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| Responsible for the clinical function of the Respiratory Care Dept | Medical Director
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| What is the most essential aspect of providing quality respiratory care | care being provided is indicated, care is delivered competently and appropiately, patient is appropriately evaluated by physican before care is initiated
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| What is the chief reason that the respiratory care protocols were developed and are currently being used in hospitals throughout North America | enhance efficiency of respiratory care personnel in providing patient care
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| Respiratory Care education programs are reviewed by what committe to ensure quality | Commission for Accredidation of Respiratory Care
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| Lifting heavy objects is best done with which of the following techniques | straight spine and bent legs
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| To determine ant recent trends in a patinet pulse, respiration, blood pressure, you would go to which section of the medical records | vital sign sheets
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| What organization is responsible for credentialing respiratory therapist | NBRC
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| What term is used to describe the process in which a government agency gives an individual permission to practice an occupation | Licensure
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| What simple question does ethics try to answer | How should we act
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| Approximately what percent of patients receiving mechanical ventilation develop pneumonia as a complication | 25%
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| Who is considered to be the "father of medicine" | Hippocrates
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| Factors most critical in determining when a patient can be ambulated | stability of vital signs and absence of severe pain
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| Considered the primary source of infection in the healthcare setting | humans
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| What is NOT an expected role of a respiratory therapist | selling oxygen therapy devices to patients
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| What are characteristics of a respiratory care profesional | participates in continuing education activities,obtains professional credentials, adheres to acode of ethics and completes an accredited education program
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| Which ethical principle obliges a respiratory therapist to uphold a patient's right to refuse a treatment | autonomy
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| How do endotracheal tubes increase the risk of infection | impeding local host defenses and provding surfaces for biofilms to develop
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| Who discovered oxygen in 1774 and described it as "dephlogisticated air" | John Priestly
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| Key factors determining the extent of harm caused by an electrical current | duration for which the current is applied, path the current takes through the body, and amount of current flowing through the body
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| HIPPA was established in 1996 to set standards related to sharing confidential health history information about patients. What does the "P" stand for | portability
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| What ethical principle can be used to justify the pain that might occur in drawing blood from a patient for a dignostic test | double effect
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| What vaccination does OSHA require hospital employers to provide | Hepatitis B
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| Who is credited with first describing the law of partial pressures for a gas mixture | John Dalton
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| Which of the following organs is the most sensitive to the effects of electrical shock | heart
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| Responibility for the technical direction of a respiratory care department lies with whom | Department Manager
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| The debate over prolongation of life versus relief of suffering in elderly patients mainly involves differing opinions regarding what ethical principle | Beneficence
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| What is NOT TRUE regarding the use of soaps to clean equipment | have good bacterial activity
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| What is TRUE regarding the use of soaps to clean equipment | work poorly in hard water and can help remove organic material
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| What was the primary duty of the first inhalation therapit | support oxygen therapy
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| Statement that is true regarding the use of oxygen | oxygen accelerates the rate of combustion and increased oxygen concentration accelerates the rate of combustion
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| What voluntary accrediting agency monitors quality in respiratory care departments | JCAHO
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| What type of advanced directives can patients use to help resolve ethical dilemmas involving their life- sustaining care | durable power of attorney and living will
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| When did the designation "respiratory therapist" become standard | 1974
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| In the standard approach to hospital fires,the RACE plan has been suggested. What does the letter "C" stand for in this application | contain
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| Treatment based on careful review of available literature is known as | evidence-based medicine
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| Has played a major role in increasing the cost of healthcare | compensatory justice
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| What is the most common, efficent and easiest sterilization method | steam sterilization
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| Who was the first to develop the large-scale production of oxygenin1907 | Karl von Lindi
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| Factors tha can have an impact on the outcomes of therapeutic communication between patient and practitioner | Verbal and nonverbal components of expession, environmental factors(eg noise, privacy), values and beliefs of both patient and practitioner, sensory and emotional factors(eg. fear, pain)
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| When a respiratory therapist defers a patient's question about a condition to the attending physician. What ethical principle is being practiced | role fidelity
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| What is NOT a category under Expanded Precautions | standard
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| What two names are linked with the development of the iron lung, which was extensively used to treat the polio epidemic in the 1950's | Drinker and Emerson
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| A therapist who says "Please explain that to me again" to a patient during an interview is using what interpersonal communication technique | clarifying
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| What is the minimum recommended time for handwashing in the healthcare environment | 15 seconds
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| Was one of the first positive-pressure ventilators development | Drager Pulmotor
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| What branch of law is concerned with the recognition and enforcement of the rights and duties of private individuals and organizations | civil
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| In 1846, who developed a water seal spirometer, which allowed accurate measurement of the patient's vital capacity | Hutchinson
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| To confirm a physicians prescription for a drug that you need to give to a patient, you would go to which section of the medical record | physician orders
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| What is the term for a civil wrong committed against an individual or property, for which a court provides a remedy in the form of damages | tort
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| what was the name of the first professional organization for the field of respiratory care | inhalation therapy association
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| To determine the most recent medical status of a patient whom you are about to start treating, you would go to which section of the medical record | progress sheet
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| what is NOT considered an intentional tort | negligent practice
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| what organization has developed an examination to enable respiratory therapists to become licensed | national board for respiratory care
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| what is the correct way to sign a medical record entry | C. White,LRCP,CRT
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| A physician orders an incorrect dose in a prescription for a powerful bronchodilator drug for an asthmatic pt. The respiratory therapist gives the prescribed dose, the patient has a fatal response and dies, who could a suit of negligence be bought against | respiratory therapist, attending ohysician, and dispensing pharmacist
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| The majority of respiratory care education programs in the United States offer what degree | Associates
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| The AARC is the professional organization of radiologic technologist in the USA | false
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| Sixteen inhales plus 16 exhales equals 32 respirations per minute | false
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| The practice of universal precautions assumes that all patients are potentially infected | true
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| Sitting or standing with your arms crossed sends a message of unacceptance | true
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| What nerve innervates many different locations throughout the body | vagus
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| Terminal air spaces that serve as sites for gas exchange are | alveoli
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| The presence of an abundance of goblet cells is indicative of a heavy | smoker
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| Type I cells comprise what % of the surface area of the lungs | 95
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| The law that states that a bubble will shrink to its smallest size is what law | Laplace
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| There are how many alveoli in the human lung | 300,000,000
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| What connects the upper and lower airways | larynx
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| Type II pneumocytes are located in the | alveoli
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| The canals of Lambert provide | collateral ventilation
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| Support is provided to the trachea by | cartilage
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| The trachea divides into | right and left mainstream bronchi
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| Difficult or labored breathing is | dyspnea
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| Core temperature is most accurate when taken | rectal
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| The primary muscle for ventilation is the | diaphragm
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| The point at which the trachea divides into right and left mainstream bronchi is the | carina
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| If an individual has 16 respirations per minute, they would have how many inspirations and expirations | 16;16
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| The primary organ for gas exchange in the fetus is the fetus | placenta
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| When performing physical assessment , the "placing of hands" to detect physical signs is | palpation
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| A respiratory therapy practitioner is auscultating the chest of a pt. who has pneumonia and notes popping sounds in the left lower lobe @the end of inspiration. What terms should be recorded in the chart to describe the sounds | crackles
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| The functions of the upper airway include | conducting gases, heat exchange and humidification
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| The larynx functions as | aid in the cough reflex, serves as conducting airway and participates in speech
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| The uvula | is a cone- shaped process midline to the soft palate and monitors flow when a person coughs, sneezes or vomits
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| The narrowest portion of the infant airway is the | cricoid cartilage
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| The adult trachea is how long | 11cm
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| Type II | make surfactant, are highly metabolic, and store surfactant
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| A patient states he has trouble sleeping unless he uses two pillows, This comment is indicative | orthopnea
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| Most correctly describes the anatomic pathway of air to AC membrane | terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
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| Patient XY is now running a fever, the temperature went from 36.7 degrees Celsius to 37.7 degrees Celsius. You should expect | increased oxygen demand and increased inspiratory rate
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| Gas exchange begin in the | respiratory bronchioles
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| The alveolar duct | ends in a cluster of alveolar sac, has smooth muscle present, is comprised of simple squamous epithelium, and extends from the 24th to the 27th generation
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| The narrowest portion of the adult airway | glottis
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| The bronchioles, as are the bronchi and trachea are composed of | pseudostratified ciliated epithelial
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| Alveolar ventilation is | the portion of gas available for gas exchange
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| Rate * tidal volume | Ve(minute ventilation)
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| How many segments are in the left lung | 8
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| The nose performs many vital functions. Some are | warm, filter, humidifies, conducting airway and aids in phonation
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| By the time that inspired air reaches the carina, it has a relative humidity of | 100%
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| The right mainstream bronchus is ( ) the left mainstream bronchus | shorter and wider
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| Which of the following muscles are considered accessory muscles of ventilation | scalene and sternocleidomastoid
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| Which breathing pattern would MOST LIKELY be seen in s diabetic patient | Kussmaul's breathing
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| What nerve innervates the diaphragm | phrenic
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| This muscle is recruited after 3/4 of vital capacity has been inspired | sternocleidomastoid
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| Mucus is made by what | goblet cells and sub mucosal glands
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| When performing a visual assessment, the observation of the breathing pattern is | inspection
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| A greater than 10mmHg drop in blood pressure on inspiration is | pulse paradoxus
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| If a patient is breathing erratically with periods of apnea, he has which of | biots
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| What is the most common complaint in pulmonary disease | cough
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| An example of POMR method of documentation is the | SOAP charting
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| The normal value for the resting pulse rate of the adult is | 60-100bpm
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| Which of the following methods of temperature measurement is recommended for neonates | axillary
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| Increased PEEP would | increase continuous pressure in the intra pleural space, impede venous return, and decrease blood pressure
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| The respiratory components of the medulla and pons include | medullary, apneustic, pneumotaxic, and pontine
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| The peripheral chemo receptors are activated by a Po2 of | 60mmHg
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| When the apneustic center is stimulated ( ) becomes very ( ) | inspiration; long
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| Protects the lungs from excessive inflation | Hering- Breuer reflex
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| What is the response of the central chemoreceptors to a low CSF PCO2 | decrease the respiratory rate
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| Stimulation of the irritant reflex causes | cough, bronchoconstriction and increase tidal volume
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| The juxtapulmonary receptors are activated by | pulmonary edema and microemboli
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| The rate of breathing is based upon | emotion, carbon dioxide in the blood and metabolic status
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| Peripheral Chemoreceptors respond to | fluctuating levels of oxygen in the bloodstream
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| The kidney compensates for high carbon dioxide level by producing a | high level of bicarbonate(HCO3)
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| As PaCo2 increases the cerebrospinal fluid becomes | acidotic
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| A distance of 4-12 feet from the patient is considered | social space
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| The bleating sound, usually distorted by asking the patient to say "E" that changes to "A" | egophony
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| A harsh crowing sound usually heard on inspiration | stridor
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| A pt. who has mucus that is the color of red currant jelly usually has been infected with | Klebsiella
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| Observationof the "big picture" with regard to the pt. and their environment occurs in the | social
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| Breath sounds that are normally heard over the periphey of the the lungs | vesicular
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| Blood pressure is measured in | mmHg
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| What is the most common complaint in pulmonary disease | cough
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| The act of tapping on a surface is in an effort to evaluate the underlying tissue | percussion
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| A bluish color of the skin caused by a decrease in the oxygen saturation | cyanosis
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| The primary purpose of the respiratory system | continouous absorption of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide
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| By what mechanism does gas exchange across the lung occur | simple diffusion
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| In patients with chronic respiratory disease what does pedal edemal indicate | right ventricular failure
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| During exam of pt. extremities you press firmly for a brief period on a fingernail. You observe that it takes 5 seconds for the color to return to the nail bed. This is consistent with | reduction in cardiac output or poor peripherial perfusion
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| The fetus is potentially viable if born at the end of which stage of development | canalicular
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| During ausculation of a pt.'s chest, you hear abnormal discontinuous "bubbling" sounds at the lung bases. What best describes this | crackles heard at lung bases
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| What does the presence of stridor indicate | upper airway obstruction
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| The patency of small airways is maintained by | traction of surrounding elastic tissue and transmural pressure gradients
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| Identify functions of airway mucus in the normal lung | increase mucus production decreases bronchospasm, shield the airway from toxic particles and trap inhaled contaminants
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| Associated with tripodding | severe pulmonary hyperinflation
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| What factor contributes to increased likelihood of an upper airway obstruction in an infant compared to an adult | tongue that is proportionaly larger
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| What pulmonary disorder could lead to acute flattening of the diaphragm | Asthma
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| Terminal bronchioles are the | Smallest of the purely conducting airways
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| During posterior thoracic palpation of an adult you notice little/no movement on the right side during full deep breath. What would this condition explain? | Right sided pleural effusion, atelectasis of the right lower lobe and right lobar consolidation
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| At what point does the trachea branch into two mainstream bronchi | Carina
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| why do most aspirated objects and fluids end up in the right mainstream bronchus instead of the left mainstream bronchus | the right bronchus is more in line with the trachea
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| what portion of the left lung corresponds anatomically to the middle lobe of the right lung | lingula
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| What position is used to open the airway in an unconscious patient | sniff position
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| What is the function of the very small amount of pleural fluid found in the pleural space | reduces friction
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| what may cause the trachea to shift to the right | right upper lobe atelectasis
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| what is the most common cause of jugular venous disturtion (JVD) | right sided heart failure
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| what disease is associated with barrel chest | emphysema
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| What results in partial or total obstruction of the airway in an unconcious patient | relaxation of tongue an hypopharyngeal muscles
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| what is the cartilage that is commonly reffered to as the adam's apple? | thyroid
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| what breathing pattern is associated with severe atelectasis | rapid and shallow
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| a patient with asthma would tend to exhibit | prolong exhalation
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| Cheyne-Stokes | increased and decreased in depth and rate with periods of apnea(congestive heart failure)
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| Kussmaul | Deep and fast breathing(diabetes/ metabolic acidosis)
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| Tachypnea | rapid/fast breathing (excercise)
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| Apnea | no breathing
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| eupena | normal breath sounds
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| Bronchiovesicular | heard around the sternum; softer and slightly lower in pitch
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| vesicular | heard over lung parenchyma; represent atteneated turbulent flow sounds from the larger airways; very soft and low pitched
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| bronchial | high pitch, slightly longer expiration than inspiration
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| Ventimask set at 24% O2 has the flowmeter running @ 4LPM. What would increase the O2 concentration | decresing the air entrainment port size and increasing the oxygen- orifice diameter
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| What device would be contraindicated for a patient whose upper airway has been by passed | simple bubble humidifier
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| Relative Humidity | content divided by capacity*100
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| Gas flowing in a streamlined fashion is called | laminar
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| The partial pressure of oxygen in room air, assuming dry, with a barometric pressure of 750mmHg is | 157.5mmHg
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| What is the total pressure of a gas mixture if PO2=90mmhg,PCO2=50mmHg,PN2=573mmHg and PH2O=47mm | 760mmHg
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| The accuracy of the Thorpe tube flow meter depends upon the | position of the needle valve, pressure compensation, and condition of the flow meter
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| The Bourdon gauge is the | flow meter of choice when O2 tank is on its side and is actually a pressure gauge
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| the temperature is 25 degrees Celsius what is it on the Kelvin scale | 298 K
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| another way to express 37 degree Celsius, 100% RH, atmospheric pressure is | BTPS
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| According to Graham's Law which of the following gases would diffuse most quickly | 0.543 gm./ liter
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| if the temperature of the room is raised and NO humidity is added | relative humidity will decrease
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| What is the PIO2 of air if the barometer pressure is 630mm What is the PIO2 of air if the barometric pressure is 630mmHg | 132mmHg
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| The pin-in-hole combination for oxygen is | 2 & 5
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| the pin-in-hole combination for air is | 1 & 5
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| The 5th floor called "code red" meaning fire. What should the respiratory therapist do first | shut off the zone valve
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| The force opposing the deformation of a fluid | viscosity
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| A patient is on a nasal cannula running @ 6 LPM. The therapist adds some extra tubing so that the patient can walk, this would | decrease the resistant to gas flow and increase the resistance to gas flow causing a more turbulent flow
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| A patient is receiving O2 @ 5LPM. His respiratory rate is normal and consistent. What is the approx. FIO2 he is receiving | 40%
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| How should the reservoir bag on a non rebreather mask be set when this device is used on a patient | remain partially inflated @ end-inspiration
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| The minimum flow that should be used to deliver O2 to a simple mas is | 5LPM
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| The ( ) was designed for the connecting valves of large cylinders | ASSS
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| A humidifier is a device that produces | water vapor
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| A pressure of 760mmHg, temperature of 0 degree Celsius and water vapor pressure of 0mmHg describes | STPD
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| The law that states that the pressure difference needed to drive a fluid through a tube in a streamline fashion is directly proportional to the viscosity, length of the tube, rate of flow, and inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius is | Poiseuille's Law
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| As a gas temperature increases, it's ability from a to hold water | increases
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| A change in the state of matter from a liquid to gas | vaporization
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| The primary factor influencing the efficiency of a humidifier | temperature
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| The reason for the minimum flow rate to a mask | is to flush out exhaled CO2
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| What would increase the likelihood of generating laminar air flow | increasing the radius of the tube
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| Oxygen concentrations that use semipermeable membranes can achieve ( ) O2 @ flows of 1-10LPM | 40
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| If the temperature of a saturated gas decreases, which of the following will occur | condensation develops
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| Which of the following factors will decrease the FIO2 delivered by a low flow O2 system | Short inspiratory time, fast rate breathing, lower O2 input, and large minute ventilation
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| If you have to deliver medical gas to a patient from a compressed gas cylinder, which of the following devices is responsible only | flowmeter
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| how can one determine whether a pressure reducing valve uses multiple stages for pressure reduction? By noting the | # of pressure relief vents
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| What design components of an air injector would result in entraining the greatest amount of air | small orifice jet and large entrainment ports
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| A cooperative and alert postoperative patient taking food orally requires a small increment of FIO2 to be provided continuously. Precise FIO2 concentrations aren't needed. What device would be best to use | nasal cannula
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| What device is used to reduce the pressure and control the flow of a compressed medical gas | regulator
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| According to Bernoulli's principle, as a fluid flows through a narrow passage or sticture, what will occur | lateral pressure will fall
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| What is a false staement about low flow devices | The greater thepatient's inspiratory flow, the greater is the FIO2
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| What is the usual method for monitoring the remaining contents in a gas filled cylinder | read the pressure gauge
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| Which of the following methods of heat transfer requires no direct contact between the warmer and cooler substances | radiation
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| What can properly applied O2 therapy decrease | ventilatory demand, work of breathing and cardiac output
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| By what means is oxygen for medical use in a hospital most commonly produced | fractional distillation
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| A patient has recorded body temp of 106 degrees of Fahrenheit. What is it in degrees Celsius | 41 degrees Celsius
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| The pin index safety system was created to avoid accidental use of inaccurate flow meters for various gases | false
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| A smaller surface area will increase the efficiency of a humidifier | false
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| Absolute zero |
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| Boyles Law | p1v1=p2v2 (temp/mass)
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| Charles Law | v1/t1=v2/t2 (pressure/mass)
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| Gay Lussacs Law | p1/t1=p2/t2 (volume/mass)
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| Combined gas law formula | p1v1/t1=p2v2/t2
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| What agency is responsible for transporting medical gases | DOT
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| Which organization is responsible for the purity of medical gases | FDA
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| nasal cannula | is a low flow device that operates on 4-10 liter of flow and does not need humidity
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| casscade humidifier | works with high flow devices; some of its parts are inlet source, diffusion grid and water reservior
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| list the pulse sites | radial,carotid, femoral, brachial and dorsal pedis
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| What effect does temperature have on the efficiency of humidifiers | increase the temperature you increase the humidity
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| whateffect does the water level have on the efficency of a humidifier | decrease water level and you decrease humidity
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| Differentiate between a high flow device and a low flow device | high flow devices meet inspiratory demand and low flow devices don not
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| Name three examples of low flow devices | nasal cannula, partial rebreather and non rebreather mask
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| tidal volume of 500ml respiratory rate of 12. What is the minute volume | Ve=rr*Vt 12*500=6000 6.0 L
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| The patient is inhaling. What receptors would make him stop inhalation to bgin exhalation | Hering Breuer
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| During each cycle of normal resting ventilation a volume of gas is moved into and out of the respiratory tract. This cyclical volume is called | tidal volume
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| Which of the following pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle | alveloar pressure(Palv) and pleural pressuer(Ppl)
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| What is the primary goal of humidty therapy | maintain normal physiologic conditions
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| Which of the following would indicate a need for O2 therapy for an adult or child | SaO2 less than 90% and PaO2 less tha 60mmHg
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| You start a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patient on a nasal cannula @ 2L/min. What is the max time that should pass before assessing the patient's PaO2/SaO2 | 2 hours
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| Which of the following patient categories are @ high risk for developing atelectasis | those who are heavily sedated, those with abdominal and thoracic pain, those with neuromuscular disorders
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| Alveolar pressure(Palv) during normal breathing is | negative during inspiration and positive during expiration
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| Inhalation of of dry gases can | increase viscosity of secretions, impair mucocillary motility and increase airway irritability
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| Which of the following inspired conditions should be maintained when delivering medical gases directly into the trachea through an endotracheal tube or a tracheotomy tube | 100% Relative Humdity @ 32-35 degrees of Celsiuis
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| Which of the following signs and symptoms are associated with the presence of hypoxemia | tachypnea, tachycardia, and cyanosis
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| What clinical finding would indicate the development of atelectasis | opacified areas on the chest x-ray film, tachypnea and diminished/bronchial breath sounds
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| Simple unheated bubble humidifiers are commonly used to humidify gases with what type of systems | oronasal oxygen delivery
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| What is consistent with the radiographic appearence after prolonged exposure to O2 | patchy infiltrates
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| A patient with chronic hypercapnia placed on a FIO2 of 0.6 starts hypoventilating. What is the probalble cause of this phenomenon | O2 induced hypoventilation
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| What happens during normal inspiration | Ppl decreases further below atmospheric, transpulmonary pressure gradient widens and Palv drops below that At the airway opening
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| To minimize the risk of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP), The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends keeping the PaO2 below what level | 80mmHg
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| To ensure a stable FIO2 under varying patient demands, What must an O2 delivery system do | provide all the gas needed by the patient during inspiration
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| Which type of humidifier "traps" the patient's body heat and expired water vapor to raise the humidity of inspired gas | heat moisture exchanger
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| What is the effect of surface tension forces in the air filled lung | it increases the elastic recoil of the lung(promoting collapse), it makes the lung harder to inflate than if it were filled with water
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| A cooperative and alert postoperative patient taking food orally requires a small increment in FIO2 to be provided continuously. Precise FIO2 concentrations are not needed. What device would be best to use | nasal cannula
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| What type of patient would you select a heated humidifier? A patient receiving | oxygen through a bypassed upper airway
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| The presence of surfactant in the alveoli tends to | decrease surface tension
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| How is compliance computed | change in volume/change in pressure
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| Normal lung compliance is approximately | 0.20L/cmH20
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| You enterthe room of a patient who is receiving nasal O2 through a bubble humidifier @ 5L/min. You immediately notice that the humidifier pressure relief is popping off. What is the appropriate action for this situation | look for crimped or twisted delivery tubing
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| What is FALSE in reference to air entrainment systems | their FIO2 values are directly proportional to their total flow
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| Which of the following factors determine the actual O2 provided by an air entrainment system | O2 input flow to the jet and resistance down stream from the jet
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| A patient receiving 35% O2 through an air entrainment mask set @ ^L/min input flow becomestachypneic. You notice that the SpO2 has fallen from 91% to 87%. What action would be appropriate | increase the device's flow to 10L/min
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| You design an air entrainment system that mixes air with O2 at a fixed ratio of 1:7(1L air to 7L O2)About what O2 will this device provide | 90%
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| A45 year old patinet with congestive heart failure receiving O2 through a 35% air entrainment mask; witha an O2 input of 6L/min. What is the total gas flow | 34L/min
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| cylinder duration of FLOW formula | psi * tank factor/ flow
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| tank factors | E cylinder = 0.28 G cylinder = 2.41 H cylinder = 3.14
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| cylinder colors | oxygen=green, carbondioxide=gray, helium=brown, heliox=green/brown, nitrous oxide=blue, nitic oxide=teal/black
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| formula for minute volume | Ve(minute volume)= rr * Vt(tidal volume)
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| filled oxygen tanks will always equal | 2200psi
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| entrainment ratios | 100=0,80=0.3, 70=0.6| 60=1,50=1.7| 45=2, 40=3, 35=5,30=8| 28=10, 24=25
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| Fahrenheit to Kelvin | Celsius= 5/9 * (Fahrenheit-32) THEN K=C - 273
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| Celsius to Kelvin | K=C + 273
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| duration of GAS | duration of gas(min)= amt of gas in cylinder/flow(L/min)
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| Ideal body weight(men) | IBW(lbs)=106 + 6[height(in)-60]
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| Ideal body weight(women) | IBW(lbs)=105 + 5[height(in)-60]
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| Formula for Relative Humidity | RH= Content/Capacity * 100
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| Desired FIO2 formula | Desired FIO2= PaO2(desired) * FIO2(known)/PaO2(known)
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|
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| Rule of 5's | multiply FIO2 by 5 and will give you the PaO2OF NORMAL person
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|
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