Final study guide
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| Affection | a basic human need
can be risky for both sender and receiver
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| two approaches | bio-evolutionary(survival) and socio-cultural(learned)
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| AET | affection exchange theory
Evolutionary
affection is adaptive because it enhances the ability for individuals to survive and procreate
evidence of psychological benefits
oxytocin levels
decreases cortisol (stress inducers)
affection is like currenc
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| need to belong theory | NVT
failing to form and maintain them is physically and psychologically aversive
evolutionary
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| tend and befriend theory | Expressing and receiving feelings of care to/from loved ones benefits people in times of acute stress
stress-alleviating benefit is more pronounced for women than men
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| social exchange theory | socio-cultural
affection is a resource / reward in relationships
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| expectancy violations theory | People have expectations for how much affection they should receive in various relationships
more affection → a positive expectation violation
if communicated in an appropriate way and content
right place and the right time
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| cognitive valence | people naturally develop comfortable and acceptable patterns for affection
deviation from this evaluated based upon 6 criteria
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| 6 CVT criteria | cultural norms, existing relational patterns, interpersonal schemata (reward potential), situational appropriateness, physiological state, personality
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| AET negatives | receivers may be distressed if they perceive affection as manipulative
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| Tend and befriend | Speaks only to the benefits of affectionate behavior, in the context of stress
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| Need to belong | affection will produce negative outcomes when it is unaccompanied by genuine affectionate feelings
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| EVT negatives | f affection is seen as a negative expectancy violation → negative evaluations and negative behavioral responses
risky to send affection sometimes
even when same behavior was judged positively in other circumstances
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| politeness theory | affection can be negative when it threatens either
Senders need for positive face or
receivers need for negative face
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| positive face | social acceptance
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| negative face | autonomy, personal identity
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| father-son relationships | High levels of affectionate interaction are positively asssociated with men's satisfaction in father-son relationships, prevalent feelings among sons to compete with siblings for father's affection, curvilinear relationships
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| , highly affectionate individuals | report IP relationships as more important
report greater comfort with intimacy and closeness
are more likely to be in long term relationships
report higher levels of relational satisfaction
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| affection exchange | even when controlling for affection received, expressing high levels of affection predict relational health advantages
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| mental health | floyd found that highly affectionate individuals reported
greater levels of happiness, self esteem and overall mental health
lower levels of stress and depression(exchange), stable personality traits too
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| stress alleviation | regulation (improved stress response) buffering (lower heart rate etc) and recovery (accelerated)
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| risks of expressing affection | non-reciprocity (positive face, can be a negative turning point, early in rel.) misinterpretation (politeness theory and face saving, nonverbals) social censure (PDA, M-M intimacy) and disease transmission
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| risks of receiving expression | expectation of reciprocity (guilt, face threats, unrequited love), relational boundary ambiguity, perceived manipulation(ulterior motives)
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| deceptive affectionate messages | affectionate feelings and affectionate expressions are distinct experiences that often, but need not, covary
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| types of deceptive displays | inhibit, simulate, intensify, de-intensify and mask feelings
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| consequences of deception | guilt, shame, rumination, relational quality and communication issues
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| study of deception | found no difference with heart rate or blood pressure
less reported shame when trying to protect others compared to self-protection motives
more men were more deceptive and felt less guilty and less shameful
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| reciprocal altruism | feel wrong when not reciprocated, social construct
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| bald on record | straightforward
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| negative politeness | expression used to mitigate potential negative face threats
as a friend, I love you
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| off the record | sentiment is implied but not directly stated
I think you are cool
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| closeness | closeness regulates ambiguity: closer you are less ambiguous
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| emotion labor | work to display emotions you don't actually feel
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| love bombing | cults using feigned affection to attract recruits
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| high negative face needs (autonomy | leads to higher suspicion of manipulation by affection
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Created by:
hannad
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