Ch 7 animalbio
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| PHYLUM: More complex than sponges but simple; sessile or feebly-swimming, effective predators | Cnidaria
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| Contain the animals stinging organelles (cnidae) | Cnidocytes
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| Longest fossil history | Cnidaria
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| Ctenophores and Cnidaria are characterized by: | primary radial symmetry: good for sessile animals because they approach environment from all sides equally
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| These phylums are only up to this level of organization | tissue level organization with few organs
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| Adults only have epidermis and gastrodermis, developed from two embryonic layers (ectoderm & endoderm) | Diploblastic
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| Why can they not produce true muscles | Because muscles come from mesoderm
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| One jellyfish found in Ohio (freshwater) | C. Sowerbyi
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| Bioluminescent crystal jelly; hydrozoan medusa found off west coast of North America | Aequorea victoria
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| protein first isolated from the crystal jelly, used a reporter of gene expression; proof-of-concept that a gene can be expressed thru out a given organism | GFP (green flourescent protein)
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| CLASS: mostly marine; cnidocytes in epidermis, no wandering mesechyme cels, medusa (if present) with a velum, colonial polyps. Some may be medusa only. | Hydrozoa
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| CLASS: all maria, medusa prominent life stage, small polyps, epidermis and gastrodermis, no velum, wandering mesenchyme cells, manubirum for food capture and ingestion | Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
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| CLASS: medusa attached to polyp, octamerous body plan, nonswimming larva | Staurazoa
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| CLASS: cuboidal medusa, tentacles from each corner, square and active swimmers. Velarium present, neurally advanced. | Cubozoa (eg. sea wasp)
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| CLASS: all marine, polyp only, occur at all depths, cnidocytes in gastrodermis, cavities divided by mesenteries, mesoglea with wandering mesenchyme cells | Anthozoa (anenomes, stony and soft corals)
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| mouth opens to this region which extends into the tentacles and may be fused in colonial hydroids (nutritive, muscular, interstitial, gland cells and cnidocytes (except hydrozoa). | Gastrovascular cavity
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| Primary support of Cnidarians is through a | hydrostatic skeleton
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| Forms the body wall; epitheliomuscual cells, interstitial cells, gland cells, cnidocyts, sensory and nerve cells. | Epidermis
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| A layer of large, ciliated columnar epitelial cells that may contain large numbers of food vacuoles | Gastrodermis
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| Gelantious with elastic cells, but may have amoeboid cells and epitheliomuscular cells; thicker in medusa; between epidermis and gastrodermis | Mesoglea
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| Forms most of the epidermis and serve for covering and for muscular contraction ability | Epitheliomuscualr cells
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| Tissue that forms as striated muscle from ectoderm, while the inner wall forms the smooth muscle of the feeding and sex organs | Entocodon
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| Cells abundant around the mouth and in the pedal disc of hydra, secrete mucus or adhesive material | Gland cells
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| Cells scattered among other epidermal cells, around mouth and tentacles especially. Free end bears flagellum which is sensory receptor while other end reacts with nerve cells | Sensory cells
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| Undifferentiated stem cells found among bases of epitheliomuscular cells, producing other cells | Interstitial cells
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| Sensory signals are passed by flagellated cells that pick up tactile or chemical cues; vesicles may occur on both sides allowing two way communication | Nerve net (no central nervous system)
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| Stinging cells of Cnidarians | Cnidocytes
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| Where do cnidocytes arise from | Epidermal Interestial Cells
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| They possess this form in which they alternate between a free swimming medusa and a sessile polyp stage (except staurazoa medusa attached to polyp, anthozoa only poylp, and some hydrozoa) | Dimorphism
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| Cnidarians divide functions among polyps; thus | polyps are identical so it does not matter which reproduce, defend the colony, or gather food
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| Atypical hydrozoan that have no medusa at all | Hydras
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| Medusas have which kind of symmetry | Tetramerous
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| A modified cilia, sensory structure which induces discharge of hollow tube which either have a paralyzing toxin or wrap around prey | Cnidocil
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| The nematocyst is emitted via | high osmotic pressure
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| Polyps and medusa are both | diploid; asexual and sexual reproduction
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| This class has a STATOCYST for balance, two sensory pits, and ocelli (simple eyes) | Scyphozoa
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| Cubozoa have four, flattened, blade-like structures from which the tentacles are suspended | Pedalia
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| Cubozoa have these, which are complex and may include eyes with lenses to help in their predatory lifestyle | rhopalia
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| CLASS: Medusa-like structure remains attached allowing polyp to reproduce sexually | Staurozoa
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| CLASS: Flower-like appearance and no medusa stage occurs | Anthozoa
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| How do Anthozoans differ from Hydrozoans | Mouth opens to pharynx and a ciliated track (siphonoglyph) moves water down the gastrovascular cavity. The gastrovascular cavity is divided by mesenteries that bear nematocysts (no cnidocils), and internal symmetry is biradial.
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| The hard or stony corals | Zoantharian corals (Coral Reef)
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| The marine diversity hotspot | Ecosystem
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| Tube anemones and thorny corals with a hexamerous body plan | Ceriantipatharia
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| Soft and horny corals, sea fans, sea pets with an octamerous body plan | Octocorallia
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| Comb jelly; dipoloblastic with true muscles, biradial symmetry; gelatinous mesoglia between epidermis and gastrodermis; presence of nerve net | Ctenophore
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| Due to ctenophores 8 comb rows of ciliated bands they are | largest animals which swim by cilia
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| Specialized glue cells of Ctenophore tentacles | colloblasts
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| Class: Flourescent | Tentaculata
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| No tentacles, flattened, branched gastro cavity with eats other jellyfish | Beroe
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| Introduced species in the black sea region that eats larval fish and crustaceans | Mnemiopsis leidyi
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| Unusual ctenophore; venus girdle | Cestum veneris
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