Natural Immunity
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| Acquired immunity | immune functions learned--develop because of specific stimulus such as infecting microbe--induction of immune response that is remembered--provides long-term immunity
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| Alternative pathway | starts with C3--binding directly to certain microbial polysaccharides--important in preventing infections before antibody production can occur--compliment proteins are always present in the blood
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| Basophils | nonphagocytic cells of natural immunity--enhance inflammatory responses by release of histamine and related chemicals--inflammation allows phagocytic cells to gain entry and increase temp to improve efficiency
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| Chemotactic factors | pieces of C3 & C5, C3a & C5a cleaved free of bacteria to recruit (attract) phagocytic cells to the site of infection
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| Ciliated epithelial cells | sweep the mucous layer toward bodily orifices (openings)
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| Classical pathway | complement system--first component, C1, binds to bacterial-bound antibodies--activated and causes binding and activation of other components--C4, C2, C3, C5--in that order
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| Complement | special set of proteins, circulates throughout body and binds to bacteria
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| Complement cascade | proteins act in a sequential order
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| Cytokines | small chemicals secreted by one cell as a form of communication or signaling to other cells
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| Diapedesis | phagocytes' process of exiting blood stream and squeezing between vascular endothelial cells
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| Eosinophils | momphagocytic cells of natural immunity--release toxins--important in overcoming infection by worms and other parasites that are too large for phagocytic cell to ingest
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| Granules | contain histamin and various toxic chemicals
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| Immunity | human's system of defenses to fight off infection
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| Interferons | small proteins released by infected microphages, fibroblasts, T cells alert neighboring cells--neghboring cells develop antiviral state--defent themselves by degrading viral proteins and inhibiting viral transcription
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| Iron-binding proteins | sequester iron to prevent adequate nutritional availability for microbes
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| Leukocytes | white blood cells
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| Macrophages | (monocytes when in blood) comprise about 8% of leukocytes and are present in many tissues (alveolar macrophages--lung, Kupffer--liver, dendritic--skin)
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| Mast cells | found in tissues, appear to have identical functions to basophils
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| Membrane attack complex | C3b and C5b (b for binding--stays bound to the microbe)--focal point for complement components C6-C7-C8-C9 to bind as complex--forms a pore through bacterial membrane--leakage, lysis, and death of microbe result
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| Natural immunity | nonspecific resistance factors--includes things that are innate, already present in body
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| Neutrophils | cells that their nuclei stain with neutral dye--nuclei are multilobed--several smaller, connected lobes of nucleus apparently help use diapedesis to squeeze through vascular walls to sites of infection in tissues
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| Opsonin | (C3b) means to prepare to eat--structure includes specific receptor for phagocytic PMNs--bind and ingest opsonized particles--binding site not exposed until C3a is cleaved and removed
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| Phagosome | membrane bag inside the phagocytic cell
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| PMNs | (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) bind and subsequently ingest the opsonized particles
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| Reticuloendothelial system | whole system used before phagocytic cells were characterized
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heatherlvn
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