RN transitions for Excelsior College
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| What is the scope of nursing practice? | Promoting wellness, preventing illness, restoring health, & care of the
dying.
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| Describes the nurse practice act. | Nurse practice acts vary among states & provinces, & nurses are responsible for knowing the act that governs
their practice.
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| Socialization of professional nursing practice. | The process whereby the values & norms of the nursing profession are internalized into the nurse’s own behavior & self-concept.
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| The Refomation | Religious movement began in 1517, resulted in the creation of Protestant churches, brought about a change in the role of women. Nursing considered menial, performed by prisoners, drunks and prostitutes.
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| Order of the Deaconesses | Earliest counterparts to the community health nurses of today. Nursing requiring a strict obedience, setting aside one’s own needs. Salary and working conditions were of no consequence.
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| Sisters of Mercy | A Roman Catholic society formed by Catherine McAuley in Dublin. The sisters nursed victims of a cholera epidemic in 1832. Their work continued & spread throughout the world, including several Mercy hospitals in the United States.
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| Sisters of Charity | Founded in 1633 with the help of St. Vincent de Paul, as visiting nurses to the sick in hospitals, asylums, & poorhouses.
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| Monastic Orders | One of the earliest organizations for men in nursing was the Parabolani brotherhood
established to respond to the needs created by the Black Plague – this group organized a hospital & traveled throughout Rome caring for the sick. Emphasised bathing.
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| The Knights Hospitallers | Military nursing order established to staff hospitals in Jerusalem during the crusades.
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| How did the Crimean War influence nursing? | English casualties were housed in a filthy barracks, death rate was 60%. Florence Nightingale cleaned up the hospital, & the vermin were brought under control. The mortality rate declined to 1%.
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| Describe the American Revolution's influence on nursing. | Laywomen following their husbands to battle and provided nursing care. Homes & barns were used as makeshift hospitals.
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| What advancement in health care occurred after the American Revolution? | After the war, in 1789 The Philadelphia Dispensary was established. Such dispensaries later became sites for controlling disease & smallpox vaccination.
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| Founded the American Red Cross in 1882. | Clara Barton
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| During the Civil War, she was appointed superintendent of new nurses in all military hospitals, she recruited plain looking women over 35 who wore gray, brown or black dresses with no embellishments, & who were moral & had common sense. | Dorothea Dix
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| Describe the influence of WWI on nursing. | Increased demand for nurses. Army School of Nursing was founded 1918. Required to be of good moral character & must be unmarried. Military hospitals provided medical & surgical experience to nursing students.
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| Influence of WWII on nursing. | Increased efforts to encourage women to enter nursing programs by the Natl Nursing Council for War Services (1940). Full military commission status was granted to military nurses.
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| Korean & Viet Nam conflicts influence on nursing. | Utilization of M.A.S.H. units to treat & stabilize wounded before returned to the field or transferred to formal hospital for treatment. Triage care evolved, made more effective by advances in antibiotics & medical technology.
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| Influence of the Gulf War – Afghanistan – Iraq | Unlike other wars/conflicts, personnel had to deal with extremes of heat, dust, & sand. Gas masks became standard PPE. Along with treating wounded soldiers, nurses cared for innocent
Iraqi victims of war, many of whom were women & children.
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| Florence Nightengale | Had a greater influence on the care of the sick than any other single individual.
Crimean War - she went to Scutari & improved the mortality rate, focused on hygiene & sanitation.
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| Clara Barton | School teacher who volunteered with the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment as a nurse & operated & directed large scale relief operations during the Civil War. She organized the American Red Cross in 1882.
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| Dorothea Dix | School teacher known for her efforts on behalf of the mentally ill. Superintendent of Women Nurses for All Military Hospitals during the Civil War. Memo to state legislature resulted in state hospitals for the insane.
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| Harriet Ross Tubman | An abolitionist sometimes called “Conductor of the Underground Railroad” was commended for her work with Clara Barton, tending to wounded soldiers during the Civil War.
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| Soujourner Truth | Born into slavery, she nursed Union soldiers, worked for improvement in sanitary facilities & sought contributions of food & clothing for black volunteer regiments. She continued as
a nurse/counselor for the Freedmen’s Relief Assn. after the war.
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| Isabel Hampton Robb | Made radical changes to nursing education. She cut down students’ workday to 10 hours & eliminated free private duty services.
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| Mary Breckinridge | After WWI she established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS). She established the first midwifery training schools in US.
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| Mildred Montag | She initiated the study “Community College Education for Nursing”; published 1959,
which resulted in the establishment of associate degree-nursing education.
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| Lavinia Dock | A nursing leader & suffragette who was a key figure in community health nursing and established the Henry Street Settlement with Mary Brewster & Lillian Wald. She also introduced nursing into school settings.
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| Virginia Henderson | Early theorist who taught that the patient is a person who requires help toward
independence.
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| Mary Mahoney | Graduated from the New England hospital for Women & Children in 1879 as America’s first
African American nurse.
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| Hildegard Peplau | A psychiatric nurse instructor, described the nurse-client relationship.
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| Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards | America’s first trained nurse. She became a key figure in the development of nursing education. She spent her career moving from hospital to hospital in an improvement campaign.
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| Margaret Sanger | She & her sister opened the first birth control clinic in America in Brooklyn. She battled for free dissemination of birth control information for decades.
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| Lillian Wald | Established a neighborhood nursing service for the sick poor of the Lower East Side in NYC, the founder of public health nursing.
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| 1923 Nursing & Nursing Education in the United States Josephine Goldmark/Rockefeller Foundation | Educational prep. of students including public health nurses, teachers & supervisors. Pointed out fundamental faults in hospital training & resulted in the establishment of the Yale Univ. School of Nursing.
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| 1948 Nursing for the Future Esther Lucille Brown | Done to determine society’s need for nursing. Described inadequacies in nursing schools. Resulted in recommendations that nursing education be placed in universities & colleges & encouraged recruitment of large numbers of men & minorities.
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| 1948 The Ginzberg Report / A Program for the Nursing Profession Eli Ginzberg | Reviewed problems centering on the shortage of nurses. Recommended that nursing teams consisting of variously educated nurses be developed.
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| 1959 Community College Education for Nursing Mildred Montag | Reported the findings of a 5-year study of eight 2-year nursing programs. Led to the establishment of more associate degree programs.
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| 1965 Position paper on Educational Preparation for Nurse Practitioners & Assistants to Nurses (ANA) | 3 year study resulting in controversy. 1. Education for those licensed to practice should be in institutions of higher learning. 2. Prep for prof nursing - baccalaureate degree. 3. Prep for LPN - associate degree. 4. Prep for assistants - short voc prog.
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| 1970 An Abstract for Action (Lysaught Report) | Looked at current practices & patterns of nursing. Suggested joint practice committees, master planning for nursing education, funding for nursing education & research.
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| 1985 National Commission on Nursing Implementation Project | 3 year study to provide leadership in seeking consensus about the appropriate education & credentialing for basic nursing practice, effect models for the delivery of nursing care, & the means for developing & testing nursing knowledge.
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| 1995 Health Profession Education for the Future: Schools in Service to the Nation by Pew Health Professions Commission | Recommendations: Develop programs & curricula that incorporate opportunities for undergraduate & graduate nursing students to interact in a collaborative manner with a range of disciplines in the provision of health care.
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| 1998 21 competencies for the 21st Century by Pew Health Professions Commission | Used across the range of health professions & in many practice settings to create a framework for curricular change, work redesign, & assessment of professional competence.
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| 2000 Healthy People 2010 by US Dept of Health and Human Services | Provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for
promoting health and preventing disease. Currently,
Healthy People 2010 is leading the way to achieve increased quality & years of healthy life & the elimination of health disparities.
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| INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES- (ICN) | Concerns itself with such issues as the social & economic welfare of nurses, the role of the nurse in health care, & the roles of natl nursing organizations throughout the world & their relationships to their governing bodies.
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| AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION- (ANA) | Professional association for RNs. Advancement of the profession, legislative activity, collective bargaining,
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| THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES OF NURSING(AACN) | Formed to assist collegiate schools of nursing in working cooperatively to improve higher education for professional nursing. Membership is limited to deans & directors of programs that offer a baccalaureate degree in nursing.
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| NATIONAL COUNCIL OF STATE BOARDS OF NURSING- (NCSBN) | Formed to provide a forum for the legal
regulatory bodies of all states to act together in the development of the licensing examinations.
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| NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR NURSING- (NLN) | Founded in 1893, 1st professional association for nurses. Focus on education.
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| SIGMA THETA TAU(STTI) | An international organization established in collegiate schools of nursing to recognize those with superior ability & leadership potential, & those who have made important contributions to nursing.
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| AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSING (AAN) | An honorary association in the ANA. The purpose of this organization is to recognize nurses who have made significant contributions to the profession of nursing.
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| NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR THE OF ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING(NOADN) | 1. to speak for associate degree nursing education & practice; 2. to reinforce the value of associate degree; 3. to maintain endorsement of RN licensure from states 4. to retain the RN licensure examination for grads of associate degree nursing programs.
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| AMERICAN ORGANIZATION OF NURSE EXECUTIVES(AONE) | The “national professional organization for nurses who design, facilitate, & manage care”
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| NORTH AMERICAN NURSING DIAGNOSIS ASSOCIATION - (NANDA | Organization with the purpose is to work toward uniform terminology & definitions to be used in nursing diagnosis & to share ideas & information regarding this topic.
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| The Bolton Act of 1943 | Established the Cadet Nurse Corps to address the nursing shortage during World War II.
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| Nurse Training Education Act of 1964 | The purpose is to help assure more & better schools of nursing with carefully selected students, a high standard of teaching & better health care for consumers.
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| Credentials | Written proof of qualifications & may include diplomas conferred by educational programs,
certification, or registration by professional groups, & legal licenses conferred by governmental agencies.
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| American Journal of Nursing | Official Nursing Journal of the ANA
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| ANA Social Policy Statement | Defines nursing as complex, highly interactive, noninvasive discipline focusing on helping people gain or maintain health rather than diagnosing or treating disease.
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| American Nurses Foundation (ANF) | National philanthropic organization established by the ANA that supports, coordinates and funds nursing research, disseminates pertinent research findings and managers related grants.
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