basics of balance outline
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| The maintenance of the COG over the BOS in a given sensory environment | Balance Stability
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| Balance Stability + Gaze Stability = ? | Postural Control
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| 3 pathways of organization | Sensory Input, Central Processing, Motor Output
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| 3 sensory modalities | Vision, Vestibular, Somatosensory
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| 3 levels of motor control | Reflexes, Automatic, Voluntary
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| 3 postural strategies | Ankle, Hip, Stepping
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| Dominant sensory input under normal conditions; includes joint & muscle proprioceptors, touch & pressure receptors; Receptors give CNS info about body's position in space | Somatosensory modality
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| Plays a significant role when somatosensory is inaccurate; Gives reference of verticality & information about motion of the head | Vision Modality
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| Minor role when we have useful somatosensory & visual inputs but it is critical when somatosensory or visual are misleading or unavailable | Vestibular Modality
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| Sensory Weighting on a Stable Surface | 70% Somatosensory; 20% Vestibular; 10% Vision
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| Sensory Weighting on an Unstable Surface | 60% Vestibular; 30% Vision; 10% Somatosensory
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| Muscle spindles improve stiffness properties of the muscle, controlling the effects of external disturbances | Stretch Reflex
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| Triggered by external stimuli, occur at fixed latencies, relatively stereotypical & coordinated actions of multiple muscle groups. Amplitude & pattern adapt to task (hip, ankle, stepping strategies) | Automatic Postural Movements
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| Which system of movement control can occur in the presence or absence of external stimuli | Voluntary Postural Movement
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| Which strategy shifts the COM by rotating the body as a rigid mass from the ankle joints? Mm activity begins in the distal muscle (ant. tib, then quad, then abs); Used when on stable/firm surface & with small perturbations | Ankle Strategy
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| Which strategy controls mvmt of COM by flexing & extending the hips; Used when ankles can't exert appropriate torque; Mm activation occurs proximal to distal; Used on small/unstable surfaces with larger & faster perturbations | Hip Strategy
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| Which strategy is used when COM is displaced outside BOS? Used in response to fast, large postural perturbations; Vestibular dysfunction can influence which strategy is used | Stepping Strategy
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| What is the furthest distance in any direction a person can lean away from midline without altering the BOS? | Limits of Stability
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| Normal AP sway in adults is ___ degrees from posterior to anterior | 12.5 degrees; 8 forward & 4.5 backward
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| Normal lateral sway | 16 degrees
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| Balance Dysfunction | Usually never just 1 cause; May be a major cause with several minor causes; Can be accumulation of multiple minor causes
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| Causes of balance dysfunction | Weakness, sensory loss or decrease, loss of joint mobility, central processing problems
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