Key Concepts for Chapters 8-14 to study for Final
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| show | two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us" pp 268, 325-330
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| show | (1)original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present; (2) Current meaning: the strengthening of domanant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others pp 268-273, 274, 276
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| Evaluation Apprehension | show 🗑
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| Social Loafing | show 🗑
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| show | Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad pp 278-282
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| show | group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group; pp 282-290 - real life examples pp 285-288
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| Groupthink | show 🗑
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| show | the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group p 291, 294, 301-304
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| show | leadership that organizes work sets standards and focuses on goals; pp 301
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| Social Leadership | show 🗑
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| show | leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence pp 302-304
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| show | a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members p 130-131, 138, 307-351
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| Stereotype | show 🗑
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| Discrimination | show 🗑
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| show | (1)an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given races, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race, 310
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| show | (1)An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sec, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex p 310
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| show | A motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups, pp 171-173, 319-320, 321
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| Realistic Group Conflict Theory | show 🗑
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| Social Identity | show 🗑
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| show | "Us" - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity pp 326-330
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| Outgroup | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to favor one's own group; pp 326-
328, 453-454, 476, 494, 507
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| Outgroup Bias | show 🗑
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| Outgroup Homogeneity Effect | show 🗑
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| Just World Phenomenon | show 🗑
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| show | a concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects. p 345-347
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| show | see pp 336-337
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| Stigma by Association | show 🗑
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| Personal Group Discrimination Discrepancy | show 🗑
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| Behavioral Compensation | show 🗑
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| Aggression | show 🗑
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| show | aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself. pp 335, 387-388
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| show | aggression that is a means to some other end; pp 355
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| show | the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress pp 359-362
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| Displacement | show 🗑
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| show | the perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself, pp 361-362
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| show | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished; pp 362-365, 387-388
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| show | emotional release. the catharsis view of aggresssion is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression; pp 374-375, 385-387
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| show | culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situation, pp 378
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| Relational Aggression | show 🗑
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| show | A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions pp 393-396
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| show | Proximity is geographical nearness; proximity (more precisely "functional distance") powerfully predicts liking. pp 397-402, 420, 499-504
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| show | the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them; pp 399-402
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| Matching Phenomenon | show 🗑
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| Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype | show 🗑
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| Similarity and Liking | show 🗑
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| show | the popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between to people, for each to complete what is missing in the other. pp 415
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| Reward Theory of Attraction | show 🗑
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| show | a state of intense longing for union with another. passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love, and are disconsolate on losing it. pp 421-423, 426-427
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| show | pp 426-428
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| show | attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy, pp 427
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| Preoccupied (anxious-ambivalent) attachment | show 🗑
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| Dismissive attachment | show 🗑
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| Fearful attachment | show 🗑
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| Equity in Relationships | show 🗑
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| show | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others; p 430-432
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| Disclosure Reciprocity | show 🗑
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| Altruism | show 🗑
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| Social-exchange Theory | show 🗑
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| Egoism | show 🗑
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| show | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, p 449, 453
-454
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| show | the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network, pp 449
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| show | an expectation that people will help those needing help, pp 449-451, 465
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| show | the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes. pp 452-453
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| show | the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in anothers shoes, pp 455-459, 518, 518
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| Bystander Effect | show 🗑
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| show | a strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request (the door-in-the-face), the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request. pp 474-475
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| Moral Exclusion | show 🗑
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| show | a conceived incompatibility of actions or goals; pp 483-499
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| show | a condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships pp 484
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| Social Trap | show 🗑
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| Prisoners' Dilemma | show 🗑
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| show | the "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse. p 486-487
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| show | games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose p 488
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| show | pp 491-492
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| Mirror-image Perceptions | show 🗑
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| show | contact on an equal basis. just as a rlationshp btween ppl of =/= status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationsihp, so do those between those of equal status. To reduce prejudice, interracial contact shd B Btween persons equal in status p 504
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| Superordinate Goal | show 🗑
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| Bargaining | show 🗑
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| show | an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication ad offering suggestions pp 514-518
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| show | resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement pp 514, 518-519
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| GRIT | show 🗑
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| show | the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological difficulties. pp 526-532
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| Accuracy in Clinical Judgments | show 🗑
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| Illusory Correlations | show 🗑
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| Hindsight Bias | show 🗑
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| Self-Confirming Bias | show 🗑
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| Depressive Realism | show 🗑
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| show | one's habitual way of explaining life events. a negative, pessimistic, depressive explanatory style attributes failure to stable, global, and internal causes, pp 533, 535, 537, 543-544, 546-547
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| show | an interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medial knowledge about health and disease; p 540
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| Health Psychology | show 🗑
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| Social-psychological approaches to treatment | show 🗑
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| show | see above
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| Attribute changes to self | show 🗑
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| Relationship between significant others and health | show 🗑
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| show | deindividuation
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| A false impression of what other people are thinking, feeling or responding is what social psychologists call | show 🗑
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| Under the definition that is in the text, which of the following is NOT a group? | show 🗑
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| Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study [truncated] Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it | show 🗑
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| show | Social loafing
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| Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in | show 🗑
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| show | strengthens
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| Consistent with the social facilitation effect, Michaels and his colleagues (1982) found that when good pool players were observed, they did _______ than when they did not know they were being observed. | show 🗑
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| The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _______ phenomenon. | show 🗑
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| show | the outgroup homogeneity effect.
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| show | Prejudice; discrimination
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| The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises | show 🗑
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| A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n) | show 🗑
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| show | emphasize the face.
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| A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called | show 🗑
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| People vary in how likely they are to expect that others will stereotype them. This is called | show 🗑
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| A tendency to favor one's group is called | show 🗑
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| In the 1940s, researchers Clark and Clark (1947) gave African-American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most children | show 🗑
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| show | relative deprivation.
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| show | when the weather is hot.
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| show | displacement.
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| show | cathartic
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| show | observations of others' behavior.
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| ______ aggression aims to hurt only as a means to some other end | show 🗑
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| Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that | show 🗑
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| show | hostile aggression.
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| show | even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to.
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| show | will most likely become friends.
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| The tendency for opposites to mate or marry | show 🗑
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| You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room. One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make. Research suggests you will likely | show 🗑
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| show | What is beautiful is good.
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| show | Darwin
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| show | mostly "very" or "quite" happy.
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| We like people with whom we associate good feelings. This fact is consistent with the ___________ theory of attraction. | show 🗑
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| Hatfield and his colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other? | show 🗑
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| Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of | show 🗑
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| show | kin selection.
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| show | model prosocial behavior
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| show | egoism.
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| show | attributions
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| show | the presence of other bystanders
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| The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines | show 🗑
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| show | happy
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| show | the social-exchange theory.
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| show | people will help those dependent upon them.
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| show | time pressures.
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| show | superordinate goal.
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| In playing the laboratory version of the Prisoner's Dilemma, you would personally obtain the best payoff on any given trial if you _______ and the other person _______. | show 🗑
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| show | the opponents can communicate with one another.
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| show | mirror-image perceptions.
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| Aronson's jigsaw technique involved having elementary school children | show 🗑
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| Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in | show 🗑
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| show | correction
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| Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Osgood's (1980) GRIT strategy? | show 🗑
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| _______ occurs when a neutral third party studies a conflict and imposes a settlement. | show 🗑
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| When individuals consume more than their share, and the cost of doing so is dispersed among all, the result is called | show 🗑
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| Rosenhan and his colleagues (1973) faked schizophrenic symptoms to infiltrate mental hospitals. Once they had been admitted and no longer complained of any fake symptoms, | show 🗑
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| show | statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition.
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| The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments is referred to as | show 🗑
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| Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you | show 🗑
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| show | social anxiety
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| show | were provided an alternative explanation for their social anxiety.
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| Psychology’s contribution to the interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine is | show 🗑
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| show | attitudes-follow-behavior
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| John was recently attacked and mugged on a subway. He is less likely to experience long term stress from the trauma if he | show 🗑
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| As a result of participating in a program to help her quit smoking, Anne has not had a cigarette for three weeks. She is least likely to return to smoking if she attributes her success in quitting the habit to | show 🗑
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