Music Appreciation
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| Impressionism | -atmosphere and mood take the place of strong emotion, or of the story of program music
-faided commadefuse, impression of a golden moment
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| Anti-Wagnerianism | Claude Debussy: Gameleon...,Impressionist painting..., symbolist poetry...
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| Gamelon | an Indonesian group of instruments from Java, rhythm most important, tuned gong
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| Impressionist Painting | France, painters: Monet, Manet, Degas, Pissarro, Renoir, light and color (pastel), reaction against Romanticism
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| Symbolist Poetry | sound of a word as well as its meaning, difficult to translate
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| La Soiree dans Grebade | -Genre: Habanera - Dance-and-Trio
-Double exoticism
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| Archaic Scales | exotic scales (Arabic, whole tones), unresolved dissonances, free rhythm, short, lyric forms (character pieces), thematic transformation becomes thematic implication
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| thematic implication | ideas and philosophies that are suggested/asserted by the composer in the music
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| Debussy | composer, from France, impressionist, Paris conservatory, won Prix de Rome, World War I made him stop composing
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| Prelude to 'The Afternoon of a Faun' | composer: Debussy, based on Mallarme pastoral poem, mythological creatures, free ternary form, chromatic melody
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| Distilled Nationalism | reaction against Romanticism, primitivism, escape from refinement, used non-western sourcesous
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| Stravinsky | -Russian born
-Ballet Russes - Diaghilev
-1920s in France
-1940s in U.S.
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| Primitivism | a reaction from the overrefinement of such artists as Debussy and Ravel
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| Le sacre du printemps | -composer: Stravinsky, subtitled "Scenes of Pagan Russia", primitivistic rhythms and mood, expanded ensemble, Russian and Baltic folk songs
-Right of Spring - translation
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| Neoclassicism | means newly realized, "Back to Bach", early 1920s, absolute music, balance and objectivity, return to formal structures
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| Ethnomusicology | the comparative study of the music(s) of the world
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| Bartok | most scientific and ethnocentric enthnomusicology, worked in Hungary, studied folklore, emigrated to U.S.
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| Concerto for Orchestra | composer: Bartok, Boston Symphony Orchestra hired him to compose, 5 movements, rondo-like form
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| IV: "Interrupted Intermezzo" | theme: Shostakovitch's symphony No.7
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| Polychord | two or more chords on top of each other
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| Polyharmony | two or more simultaneous musical harmonies
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| Polytonality | using more then one key simultaneously
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| Polymeter | two or more meters at the same time
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| Additive Meter | patterns of beats that subdivide into smaller, irregular groups
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| Painting Genre-Expressionism | -developed in Germany in opposition to Impression
-subconscious, hallucinations, dreams
-artists: Kardinsky, Klee, Kokoschka, Munch(painted the scream)
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| Musical Expressionism | -composers (most important): Schoenburg, Webem, Berg
-Musical characteristics: inharmonious,extreme range, disjunct melodies
-emancipation of dissonance, 12 tone/dodecaphonic music
-Schoenberg came up with strict employment of a fixed series of pitches
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| Second Viennese School | Shoenburg, Webem, Berg
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| Emancipation of dissonace | dissonance and concinent of equal value, don't have to end on a concinentn
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| 12 tone/Dodecaphonic music | full chromatic, atonal, stroenberg cam up with dodecaphonic
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| Instrumentation (the Pierrot ensemble) | largish camber ensemble (small number of people, many instruments), darker (low-pitched) instruments,Percussion (battery) to the foreground, piano an ensemble instrument
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| Retro-forms | new emphasis on organization & succinctness,
older forms/genres: fugue, concerto grosso,etc.
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| Schoenberg | from Austria, teacher, largely self-taught. developed atonality & serialism techniques, emigrated to U.S., worked at USC and UCLA
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| Pierrot lunaire | -composer: Schoenberg
-song cycle
-psychotic clown obsessed with the moon
-voice & varied chamber ensemble
-Sperechstimme
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| Sprechstimme | a nightmare speech
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| Slave Music | work songs, devotional music
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| Spirituals | devotional music
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| Ragtime | Scott Joplin came up with Ragtime, ragged rhythm = syncopation, Steinway player-piano rolls, ragtime as a reputable art form
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| Blues | Billie Holiday blues and jazz singer, form (A-A-B), the difference between jazz and blues is jazz has improvisation, piano, drums, and guitar act like basso continuo
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| Big Band Jazz | 1930s-40s, jazz rhythm (complex rhythm with syncopation), jazz harmonies (extremely complex tall chords),
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| Be-bop | -improvisation on vocals and instruments
-small-ensemble jazz
-A-A-B-A form (32 bar song), tune is presented in first chorus, B=Bridge
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| Lenord Bernstein | composer of West Side Story, conducted New York Philharmonic, classic and popular music
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| West Side Story | -composer: Bernstein
-union of Jazz & Latino music with musical theater
-lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
-based on "Romeo & Juliet"
-Street gangs of New York City
-Latin dance music and jazz, Mambo (African-Cuban dance)
-Tonight in A-A-B-A form
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| Louis Armstrong | most important early jazz musician, most famous jazz trumpet player, Satchmo is his nickname
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| George Gershwin | -lived in Tin Pan Alley (became the epicenter of popular music) and Broadway
-no formal trainning
-finest American Opera: Porgy & Bess
-Instrumental works
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| National: Classical Use of Military Band Music | -John Phillip Sousa, Bandmaster, most important bandmaster in U.S. history
-Charles Ives, a businessman/composer, first international composer from U.S., insurance saler at first
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| Copland | graduate studies in Paris, Nadia Bounlager (Copland's teacher), composed many genres: U.S. Nationalism, Neoclassicm, Dodecaphonic
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| Appalachian Song | composer: Compland, music for ballet, later a concert, primary melody is simple gifts in section 7 based on religious sect
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| Revelutas | a composer, mexican, child prodigy of the violin, Spanish civil war upset him, died at age 40, music is colorful & fookloric
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| Homenaje e Fedrico Garci a Lorca | composer: Revueltas, chamber ensemble, small string section, celebrtes poet's life (Lorca's), movment III: son(rondo-like form) and evocative of mariachi ensemble
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| Mariachi Enesamble | focuses on guitar and trumpet
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| son | -Mexican dance song
-III mvt of Homenja e Fedrico Garci a Lorca
-rondo-like form
-Lorca (master poet)
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| serial | means the same as tone row
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| instrumentation | music does not flow, but jumps leaps and bounds
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| Musique Concrete | music made up of natural sounds and sound effects that are recorded and then manipulated electronically.
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| Tape Music | music created by using tapes
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| Synthesizer | -Widespread popularity after "Switched-on Bach"
-created by Walter/Wendy Carlos (who got a sex change after he got enough money) whose instrument was the Moog piano
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| Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) | a technical standard that describes a protocol, digital interface and connectors and allows a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers and other related devices to connect and communicate with one another
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| Digital Sampling | takes a recording of sounds and comes up with pitches
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| Babbitt | composer who combined electronic music with live performers
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| Oliveros | -composer who used mixed media, multichannel tape, and live performers
-experimented with live electronic music
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| Britten | a composer of Neo-Romanticism, from England, composed opera and choral work
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| The War Requiem | -a dedication of the wicked war
-written for choir & orchestra; & an English tenor, a Russian soprano, & a German baritone-representing 3 of the belligerents in World War II
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| Experimentalism | -the art since the Mid-Twentieth Century
-social turmoil reflected in the arts
-movements in the arts: abstract expressionism, pop art, post-modernism, feminist art, ethnic art and literature
-performance art
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| John Cage | from U.S., studied East Asian philosophies, quest for tranquility
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| Chance Music (or indeterminacy or aleatoic music) | -was a balance or counter to total serialism
-random determinations of portions of a "happening"
-4'3" is the competion that can be played on any instrument
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| Sonata V, from Sonatas and Interludes | -composer: Cage
-medium: prepared piano (to simulate Javanese gamelan)
-items inserted in the piano strings (screws, etc.)
-gong like songs
-form binary (A-A-B-B)
-nonmetrical
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| Higdon (Jennifer) | born in Brooklyn, graduate of U of Penn, won a Pulitzer Prize
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| blue cathedral | -composer: Higdon
-medium: full orchestra, expanded percussion
-genre: symphonic poem
-form: sectional, rondo-like
-rhythm is very complex
-use of tintinnabulation - the ringing or soundings of bells
-written as a tribute to Higdon's brother
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| Neo-Romanticism | -reaction to the pseudo intellectualism and alienation of the 12-tone movement
-favors the practices from the romantic era: full melody center, home tone
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| Bright Sheng | born in Shanghai, cultural revolution mad him come to U.S.,post modernist studied at Queens Collage and Columbia, got MacArthur Foundation "genius" Award, teaches at University of Michigan
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| China Dreams (from larger work Prelude) | -compose: Sheng
-genre: symphonic suite
-form: A-B-C (sectional)
-East meets West
-glissando (to slide from one note to another)
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| Pentatonic scale | 5 note scale
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| Part (composer) | from Estonia, religious convictions vs. Soviet Union, lived in West Berlin, Latin and Orthodox church choral music
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| Cantate Domino canticum novum | -means: sing to the lord a new song
-composer: Part
-Latin text based on a Pslam
-medieval-chant-like melody
-varied texture, use of counterpoint
-SATB chorus vs. Organ
-Tintinnabular (ringing ball) style
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| Neo-Renaissance (AKA-Spiritual Minimalism) | -music, painting, and sculpture
-barest essentials
-music turns away from serialism
-features repition of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic patterns
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| Adams (composer) | from U.S., post-minimalist, harvard trained, wrote serial music, based in San Francisco, advocate fore contemporary music, minimalism + Neo-Romanticism
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| Doctor Atomic; "At the sight of this" | -composer: Adams
-the repetition of minimalists
-emancipated dissonance
-short-phrased
-prominent percussion and heavy accents of much 20th century music
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| Underscoring | playing of music quietly under dialogue or a visual scene
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| Source Music | source of the music is in the actual picture
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| Letimotif | a recurring musical phrase associated with a particular person, place, or idea
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| Rachel Portman | from England, first women to win an Academy Award for best music in the the movie Emma
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| Tan Dun | -from China
-cultural revolution: "new wave" of Chinese composers
-his music was banned
-worked at Columbia University in New York
-post-modern blend of Asian musical traditions and Western styles
-composed opera, symphony, film score, etc.
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| Harry Potter | -composer: John Williams
-generally a "Tchaikovsky-like" score
-full orchestra
-use of leitmotifs
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| Raiders of the Lost Ark: "Raiders' March" | -composer: John Williams
-genre: film score
-form: march-and-trio; ternary & coda
-use of lietmotifs, ostinato
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| Ostinato | music feature repeated over, & over
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