Radiation protection
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| 1. What types of waves are apart of the electromagnetic spectrum? | visible light, microwaves, radio, x-ray, and gamma. pg 225
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| 2. Define wavelength | The distance between two consecutive wave crests. pg 225
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| 3. What is frequency? | The number of wave cycles per second. pg 225
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| 4. What is frequency measured in? | hertz, equal to 1 cycle per second pg 225
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| 5. What makes ionizing radiation dangerous? | It has the energetic potential to break apart electrically neutral atoms, which results in the release of -/+ ions, pg 226
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| 6. IS cancer a late effect or early effect of radiation exposure? | Late. pg 226
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| 7. What is background radiation? | Radiation we are exposed to in the food we eat or the ground we live on or found naturally in the air we breathe and in our bodies. pg 226
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| 8. What is attenuation? | The gradual decrease in exposure rate as ionizing radiation passes through tissue, pg 227
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| 9. Which shell loses an electron during the photoelectric effect? | The inner shell, so an outside electron moves down into its place to complete the octet. pg 228
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| 10. Which shell loses an electron during Compton scatter? | Outer shell, this electron released is called a recoil electron. pg 228
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| 11. Does scatter effect the image or personnel? | Yes, scatter leaving the patient is responsible for image fog and can give pose a hazard to personnel. pg 229
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| 12. What is a linear dose response? | The response to exposure is directly related to the dose received. Dose ^ Biologic damage ^ pg 230
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| 13. What is threshold? | The term that refers to dose below a certain value in which no harmful effects are likely; or the point at which the dose begins. pg 230
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| 14. Low LET =increase biologic effect? | False, Low LET will decrease biologic effects as they are directly related. pg 230
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| 15. Is there a safe dose of radiation? | In a non-threshold curve, no. But in threshold there can be a safe amount of radiation which could =0. pg 231
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| 16. What is a non-stochastic effect? | They are predictable and are a response to a non-linear (sigmoid) threshold curve. pg 231
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| 17. What is a deterministic effect? | Characterized by nonlinear dose response and associated with safe threshold dose. pg 232
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| 18. What is a stochastic effect? | The foremost late effects that are expected to occur. Ex: cancer, gentic effects, somatic effects. pg 232
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| 19. What cells are most radiosensitive? | Lymphocytes are the most radio-sensitive cells. In general the more specialized a cell the less radio-sensitive. pg 233
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| 20. Calculate Effective dose. | EfD= radiation weighting factor (Wr)
x tissue weighting factor (Wt)
x absorbed dose (D)
pg 233
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| 21. The rate at which radiation deposits energy as it passes through tissue. | LET, linear energy transfer. pg 234
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| 22. Most interaction of scatter radiation in the body occur with water? | True, 65-80% of the body is water, so ionizing radiation involves (indirect) radiolysis more often than direct interaction with DNA. pg 234
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| 23. What is the least radio-sensitive stage of the cell cycle? | DNA replication in mitosis. pg 235.
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| 24. Does oxygen effect radio-sensitivity? | Yes, the more oxygen a tissue contains the more radio-sensitive. pg 236
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| 25. What is the genetically significant dose? | The average gonadal dose to the population of childbearing age and is estimated to be 20mrem. pg 239
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