Exam 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Are NADH and FADH2 reduced or oxidized electron carriers? | show 🗑
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| show | when an organic energy source is oxidized, electrons are released and accepted by electron carriers NAD+ and FAD. These now reduced electron carriers donate electrons to an electron transport chain
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| What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| what is the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| show | proton motive force (PMF)
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| show | used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi.
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| What kind of electron acceptor does fermentation use? | show 🗑
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| What is usually the endogenous electron acceptor? | show 🗑
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| show | substrate-level phosphorylation
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| show | a process where phosphate is transferred to ADP from a high energy molecule
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| What is the energy source for aerobic respiration, anaerobic respieration, and fermentation | show 🗑
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| show | each degrading many nutrients greatly increases metabolic efficiency by avoiding the need for a large number of less metabolically flexible pathways
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| show | glycolytic pathways
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| How are the enzyme-catalyzed reactions arranged | show 🗑
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| What is the importance of glycolytic pathways for anabolism | show 🗑
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| What are precursor metabolites used for> | show 🗑
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| show | used in redox reactions that reduce the precursor metabolites as tehy are transformed into amino acids, nucleotides, and other molecules needed for synthesis of macromolecules
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| show | amphibolic pathways
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| show | true
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| show | during glycolysis
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| when do the enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof function anabolically | show 🗑
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| What is the main difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration? | show 🗑
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| show | aerobic respiration
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| What yields the most ATP during aerobic respiration? | show 🗑
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| What are three metabolic pathways that microorganisms use to catabolize glucose to pyruvate? | show 🗑
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| What are the three pathways collectively referred to as? | show 🗑
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| Is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway an amphibolic pathway? | show 🗑
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| What reverses the glycolytic process and allows cells to synthesize glucose from smaller molecules like pyruvate | show 🗑
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| Where does the Embden-Meyerhof occur | show 🗑
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| Does the EMP function any differently in the presence or absence of O2 | show 🗑
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| what does EMP provide for the cell | show 🗑
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| show | 1. preliminary phase that "primes the pump" by adding phosphates to each end of the sugar (investment of ATP)
2. three-carbon energy conserving phase where fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is divided into two halves
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| Give an example of substrate level phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| show | phosphoenolpyruvate
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| show | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
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| What is NADH used for duing aerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| what is the starting molecule for the pnetose phosphate pathway | show 🗑
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| show | yes
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| is fructose-6-phospate a ketone | show 🗑
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| show | pyruvate
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| show | yes
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| Name the precursor metabolites in the EMP | show 🗑
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| What are the electrons accepted by in respiration | show 🗑
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| show | an endogenous electron acceptor (pyruvate)
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| show | soil bacteria like pseudomonas, rhizobium, azotoboacter, and agrobacterium and a few other gram negative bacteria
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| what is the only gram positive bacteria to use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway | show 🗑
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| show | the EDP essentially replaces the first phase of the EMP to yield pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
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| What is a key intermediate of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| what is another name for the pentose phosphate pathway | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| show | biosynthesis and catabolism
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| why is the pentose phosphate pathway used in all organisms? | show 🗑
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| show | transketolase and transaldolase
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| what does transketolase do in the pentose phosphate pathway | show 🗑
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| show | it transfers a three carbon group from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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| What is one reason why the pentose pathway is an important amphibolic pathway | show 🗑
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| What metabolic pathway is the major source of reducing power for cells and why | show 🗑
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| show | erythrose 5-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate
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| show | to synthesize aromatic amino acids and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal)
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| show | a major componenet of nucleic acids
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| Name another reason why the pentose phosphate pathway is importnat amphibolic pathway | show 🗑
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| show | 3. intermediates in the pathway can be used to produce ATP
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| show | tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle
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| What is the first step of the krebs cycle | show 🗑
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| what forms the molecule acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate | show 🗑
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| Why is acetyl-CoA energy rich | show 🗑
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| what kind of bond is coenzyme A | show 🗑
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| Name another high energy molecule in the krebs cycle that contains a thioester bond | show 🗑
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| show | used in protein synthesis and to make other nucleoside triphosphates including ATP
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| show | in the cytoplasm in bacteria/archaea and in the mitochondria matrix in eukaryotes
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| show | energy conservation by producing numerous NADH and FADH2
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| show | true
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| show | from the oxidation of these electron carriers in the electron transport chain
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| show | a series of electron carriers that operate together to transfer electrons from donors, like NADH and FADH2, to O2
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| define "decarboxylated" | show 🗑
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| show | to make ATP or used directly to supply the energy to processes such as translation
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| How many stages may the cycle be divided into and based on what | show 🗑
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| show | by two decarboxylation reactions
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| Name the precursor metabolites in the krebs cycle | show 🗑
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| In what direction between carriers (positive or negative reduciton potentials) do electrons travel | show 🗑
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| show | they are reduced and then reoxidized in the electrong transport chain
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| What makes possible the release of a great deal of energy between O2 and NADH | show 🗑
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| show | proton and electrical gradients in the electron transport chain
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| Where are ETC carriers in eukaryotes | show 🗑
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| where is the electron transport chain in bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| show | true
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| Where are protons moved in bacteria as compared with eukaryotes | show 🗑
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| what is oxidative phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory phosphorylation
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| show | the ETC is organized so that protons move across the plasma membrane from the cytoplasm to the perisplasmic space as electrons are transported down the chain
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| show | british biochemist Peter Mitchell
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| how does translocation of protons occur in the ETC | show 🗑
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| show | the difference in protons and electrons carried sets the stage for this phenomenon that ultimately moves four protons across the membrane
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| what is the result of the proton expulsion during electron transport | show 🗑
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| what is the alkalinity of the cytoplasm vs the periplasmic space | show 🗑
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| show | the mitochondrial matrix is more alkaline then teh intermembrane space
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| what makes up the proton motive force | show 🗑
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| show | to perform work when protons flow back across the membrane, down the concentration and charge gradients, and into the mitochondrial matrix. Also used to transport molecules into the cell directly and to rotate the bacterial flagella motor
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| show | teh flow is exergonic and used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
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| show | ATP synthase
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| show | F1 component: spherical structure attached to mitochondrial inner membrane surface by a stalk and F0: embedded in the membrane
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| where is the ATP synthase located | show 🗑
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| What does F0 participate in | show 🗑
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| show | on the Beta subunits
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| Describe how ATP synthase functions | show 🗑
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| show | the conformation changes occur in the Beta subunits to allow entry of ADP and Pi into the catalytic site
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| show | another conformation change loosely bind ADP and Pi in the catalytic site; ATP is synthesized when BetaDP conformation is changed to the BetaTP conformation and ATP is released when BetaTP changes to the BetaE conformation
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| show | used prior to chemiosmotic hypothesis; used as a measure of the number of ATP molecule generated per oxygen
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| show | it was recognized taht the important measurement was the number of protons transported across the membrane by NADH oxidation and the number of protons consumed during synthesis of ATP
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| What are two factors that affect the yield of ATP from the catabolism of glucose by aerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| show | for each molecule of glucose degraded, numerous precursor metabolites are made and for each one teh microbe must decide if that metabolite is needed for anabolism or it can continue the catabolic proces
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| true of false: the flow of electrons from glucose must be carefully monitored and regulated such that ATP production is appropriately balanced with biosynthesis | show 🗑
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| show | the process where an exogenous terminal electron acceptor other than O2 is used for electron transport
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| show | nitrate, sulfate, and CO2
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| where is most of the ATP generated during anaerobic respiration made from | show 🗑
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| describe dissimilatory nitrate reduction | show 🗑
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| what kind of organism carries out only anaerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| name an obligate anaerobe | show 🗑
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| show | CO2 or carbonate
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| show | alternate electron acceptors have less positive reduction potentials than O2; the difference in reduction potentials between NADH and NO3- is smaller than that of O2 and NADH;
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| show | the magnitude of the reduction potential difference
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| show | it allows ATP synthesis by electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of O2
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| show | lack Electron transport chains or they repress the synthesis of ETC components under anoxic conditiosn making anaerobic respiration impossible
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| show | the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate will cease and glycolysis will stop
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| what four unifying themes need to be kept in mind when microbial fermentation is examined | show 🗑
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| true or false: in fermentation the substrate is only partially oxidized and ATP is formed in most organisms exclusively by substrate-level phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| show | yes
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| how do fermenting microbes create a proton motive force without an electron transport chain | show 🗑
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| show | ATP synthase pumps protons out of the cell, fueling this transport by the energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi
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| show | it allows them to adjust to changes in their habitats
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| what are fermentation pathways named after | show 🗑
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| what is the most common fermentation | show 🗑
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| show | the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and directly reduce almost all the pyruvate to lactate with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
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| show | substantial amounts of products other than lactate
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| what process is used when microbes ferment sugars to ehtanol and CO2 | show 🗑
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| show | mixed acid fermentation
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| what organisms carry our mixed acid fermentation | show 🗑
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