WaterSKD125
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| Define Anatomy & Physiology | The structures of the human body and how they function
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| When did nomads begin to settle? Why? Drawbacks? Health benefits? | 10,000yrs ago. Adopted agriculture. Living close to animals spread disease. Longevity and fertility increased.
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| Why are amphibians referred to as like "canaries in coal mines"? | They are more sensitive to pollutants to humans. Drastic decline in their numbers can be interpreted as an environmental warning
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| What makes a country "developed"? | Universal education. High literacy. Comprehensive health service, 100% water and sanitation
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| What makes a country "developing"? | Lower national wealth, life expectancy and industry skilled jobs. Rely more on agriculture. Access to water and sanitation poor.
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| Name the 4 stages of bacterial growth | Lag, Exponential growth, Stationary, Death
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| What makes bacteria resistant? Where does this come from? | Extra gene. Stems from ineffective clinical use and indiscriminate agricultural use.
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| What is an epidemic? What is a pandemic? | Outbreak in a country, region, community. Pandemic - worldwide
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| What is selection pressure? | An abstract force that shapes elements as they evolve
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| What is epidemiology? | The study of patterns and causes of health and disease
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| What is a communicable disease? | Infectious or parasitic, passed by food water or immediate organism
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| What is a non communicable disease? | Can't be transmitted. Often chronic like cancer, dementia, heart disease.
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| What is a pathogen? | A disease causing infectious agent
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| What is peri-natal disease? | Something that affects babies during or immediately after birth
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| Give an example of an "evolutionary trade off" | Surplus fat stored for times of low food - now leads to obesity
Bipedal posture to run faster makes child birth difficult
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| What is a "morbidity rate"? | number of cases in a population relative to the total number of risk of developing
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| What does DALY stand for? | Disability adjusted life year
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| What is meant by the "double jeopardy" of the burden of disease in a developing country? | Both both chronic non comm. disease and much higher rates of infectious diseases.
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| What is a polar molecule? | Has both positive and negative atoms
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| What does Xenobiotic mean? Inc an example | Alien to nature. Eg Dioxin (from burning plastic) is found in virtually everyone.
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| What is toxicology? | study of toxins and effects on living organisms
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| What is ecotoxicology? | the fate of contaminants on plants and the ecosystems.
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| What is Bioaccumulation? | When a pollutant is not dispersed randomly or evenly and stores. EG DDT in body fat of birds released when fat is used (reproduction/migration)
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| Endocrine disruptors cause... | feminisation of males and disruption to female reproductive system.
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| What is the correct term for adrenalin? | Epinephrine
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| What is an endocrine receptor? | A large specialised structure on the outer layer of a cell with a special affinity to a certain signalling molecule.
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| Give an example of Endocrine disruption in humans | Native Americans living near a chemical plant - sex ratio has been skewed dramatically
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| What features of a molecule make likely to be an endocrine disruptor? | A hydroxyl group. A benzene ring. Allkyl group of 9 carbon atoms or less. ( strength increased in compact groups)
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