Exam 3
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| ___ is the membrane protein that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP | Adenylate cyclase
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| Important secondary messengers include cAMP, cGMP, calcium ion,___, and diacylglycerol. | inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP¬3)
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| ___ binds to β-andrenergic receptors | Epinephrine, Adrenaline
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| EGF signaling is terminated by the action of phosphatases and the hydrolysis of ___ by Ras. | GTP
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| In the second stage of catabolism, numerous small molecules are converted into ___ , a central molecule in metabolism | acetyl CoA
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| In aerobic organisms ___ is the ultimate acceptor of electrons | O2
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| ___ is the chemical currency of metabolism | ATP
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| Glycolysis produces a net of ___ moles of ATP per one mole of glucose | Two
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| A potent allosteric activator of liver phosphofructokinase is ___ which is produced from fructose-6-phosphate by PFK2 | fructose-2,6-bisphophate
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| The ___ cycle refers to the metabolic reactions by which glucose is converted into lactate in skeletal muscle, and then lactate converted back into glucose in the liver | Cori
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| What two 3-carbon molecules are generated by the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate? | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
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| What metabolic type of reaction involves the cleavage of bonds by the addition of water? | Hydrolytic
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| The reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide is | FADH2
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| What metabolic type of reaction involves the addition of a functional group across a double bond or the removal of a functional group to form a double bond? | Lyase
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| An example of an isomerization reaction would be | the conversion of citrate to isocitrate
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| Which of the following is a mechanism by which enzyme catalytic activity is controlled? | Allosteric control, feedback inhibition, covalent modification --- A,B, and C
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| Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency of | Lactase
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| The primary raw materials for gluconeogenesis are | lactate and alanine
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| How many high-energy phosphate bonds are expended in gluconeogenesis? | Six
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| Metabolic processes are regulated by | transcriptional regulation of the amount of enzyme, allosteric control of enzyme activity,accessibility of substrates by compartmentalization ---- A, B, and C
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| This calls of compounds has the molecular formula of (CH2O)n | Monosaccharides
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| These are stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other | Enantiomers
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| These are monosaccharides differ at a single asymmetric carbon | Epimers
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| This is among the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere | Cellulose
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| This is a test solution used to identify reducing and non-reducing sugars | Fehling's
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| The storage form of glucose in animals | Glycogen
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| The class of glycoproteins with predominantly N-acetylgalactosamine moieties | Mucoproteins
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| These are the enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides | Glycosyltransferases
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| Molecule to which most sugars are attached prior to transfer | UDP
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| These proteins bind to specific carbohydrate structures | Lectins
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| ___ is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image | Diastereoisomer
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| ___ is a five membered ring formed from a monosaccharide | Furanose
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| When an open chain monosaccharide cyclizes into a ring | Hemiacetal
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| _______________ is a galactose joined to a glucose by a β-1,4 glycosidic bond. | Lactose
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| Plant starch is composed of amylose a linear polymer of glucose and a branched polymer of glucose referred to as ___ | amylopectin
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| Maltose is composed of two molecules of glucose linked together by a ___ glycosidic bond | alpha 1 , 4
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| Carbohydrates are | A and B - Aldehydes with two or more hydroxyl groups, ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups
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| The simplest carbohydrates are | dihydroxyacetone and d- and l-glyceraldehyde
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| An aldehyde and alcohol can react to form a | hemiacetal
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| Fructose can cyclize to | both pyranose and furanose ring forms
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| The nutritional storage forms of glucose in plants are | B and C - amylose and amylopectin
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| What is the additional metabolite that is required for the conversion of 3-phospoglycerate to 2-phospoglycerate? | 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
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| In N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate portion is attached to a(n)_____________ residue in the protein. | Asparagine
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| A given protein with several potential glycosylation sites can cave many different glycosylated structures called ________________. | Glycoforms
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| The influenza virus recognizes _______________ residues of glycoproteins present on cell surface | sialic acid
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| In C-type lectins, a _______________ acts as a bridge between the carbohydrate and the protein. | calcium ion
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| ________________ is a membrane lipid composed of sphingosine, fatty acid, and a simple sugar. | cerebroside
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| __________________ contain a double bond three carbons from the distal end of the fatty acid. | oo-3 fatty acids
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| In phosphoglycerides, the fatty acids are linked to the glycerol backbone by the ______________ linkages. | ester
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| Ionized fatty acids readily form ______________ in aqueous solutions. | micelles
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| ___________________ are aqueous compartments enclosed by a lipid bilayer. | Lipid vesicles or liposomes
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| ___________________ membrane proteins are bound primarily by electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions with the head groups of lipids. | Peripheral
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| Some proteins are anchored to the membrane by being covalently attached to a _______________ group by a thioester linkage to a specific cysteine residue. | palmitoyl
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| The rate of diffusion is such that a phospholipid molecule can travel from one end of a bacterium to the other in _______________ of time. | one second
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| The temperature at which a phospholipid membrane transitions from a rigid to a fluid state is referred to as _______________. | Tm or melting temperature
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| In animals, ________________ is the key regulator of membrane fluidity. | cholesterol
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| Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid? | A bilayer made of lipids with polyunsaturated 16 carbon-fatty acids
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| Which of the following statements is consistent with the structure of biological membranes? | Which of the following statements is consistent with the structure of biological membranes?
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| How do the membranes of archaea differ from bacteria and eukaryotes? | The lipids do not contain a carboxylic acid ester, but instead have an ether link to the glycerol. The alkyl chains are branched.The stereochemistry of the central carbon of glycerol is inverted. A, B, and C are all correct
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| What force(s) stabilize(s) the lipid bilayers? | van der Waals interactions and Electrostatic and hydrogen bonding between the polar heads and surrounding water - A and B
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| The degree of membrane fluidity depends on | the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
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| Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is thought to have evolved from bacteria by endosymbosis? | Mitochondria
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| The most common motif found in membrane spanning proteins is | alpha helices of nonpolar amino acids that pass through the membrane.
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| Hydrophobic molecules can be covalently attached to proteins to increase membrane association. Type(s) of group(s) include | palmitoyl groups attached via cys residues. glycolipid structures attached to the carboxy terminus. farnesyl groups attached via cys residues. A B and C
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| The low incidence of protein or lipid flip-flop in a membrane preserves | membrane asymmetry.
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| Which of the following helps regulate membrane fluidity in animals? | Cholesterol
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| Protein kinase A phosphorylates serine and ___________ residues. | threonine
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| ____________ is the membrane protein that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. | Adenylate cyclase
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| The cytosolic side, or β subunit, of the insulin receptor is a ________________ kinase. | tyrosine
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| The ________ receptor is approximately 50% identical in amino acid sequence with the EGF receptor and has similar domain structure, but it does not bind any known ligand. | Her2
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| Important secondary messengers include cAMP, cGMP, calcium ion, _______________________, and diacylglycerol. | inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate
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| Input from several signaling pathways is called _____________________. | cross talk
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| _______________________ binds to β-andrenergic receptors | Epinephrine, Adrenaline
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| The binding of IP3 to the IP3 receptor results in the release of __________ from the endoplasmic reticulum | calcium ion
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| The catalytically active form of the insulin receptor is a result of phosphorylation of specific ____________ residues in the activation loop. | : tyrosine
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| EGF signaling is terminated by the action of phosphatases and the hydrolysis of _____________ by Ras. | GTP
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| _____________ is the first stage of catabolism and involves the degradation of macromolecules in food into smaller units. | Digestion
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| Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are | always positioned on the extracellular side of the membrane
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| What force(s) stabilize(s) the lipid bilayers? | van der Waals interactions and Electrostatic and hydrogen bonding between the polar heads and surrounding water (A and B)
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| The degree of membrane fluidity depends on | the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
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| Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is thought to have evolved from bacteria by endosymbosis? | Mitochondria
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| The most common motif found in membrane spanning proteins is | alpha helices of nonpolar amino acids that pass through the membrane.
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| Hydrophobic molecules can be covalently attached to proteins to increase membrane association. Type(s) of group(s) include | palmitoyl groups attached via cys residues, glycolipid structures attached to the carboxy terminus, farnesyl groups attached via cys residues (all of the above)
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| The low incidence of protein or lipid flip-flop in a membrane preserves | membrane asymmetry.
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| Which of the following helps regulate membrane fluidity in animals? | Cholesterol
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