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BioChemistry
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___ is the membrane protein that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP | Adenylate cyclase |
| Important secondary messengers include cAMP, cGMP, calcium ion,___, and diacylglycerol. | inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP¬3) |
| ___ binds to β-andrenergic receptors | Epinephrine, Adrenaline |
| EGF signaling is terminated by the action of phosphatases and the hydrolysis of ___ by Ras. | GTP |
| In the second stage of catabolism, numerous small molecules are converted into ___ , a central molecule in metabolism | acetyl CoA |
| In aerobic organisms ___ is the ultimate acceptor of electrons | O2 |
| ___ is the chemical currency of metabolism | ATP |
| Glycolysis produces a net of ___ moles of ATP per one mole of glucose | Two |
| A potent allosteric activator of liver phosphofructokinase is ___ which is produced from fructose-6-phosphate by PFK2 | fructose-2,6-bisphophate |
| The ___ cycle refers to the metabolic reactions by which glucose is converted into lactate in skeletal muscle, and then lactate converted back into glucose in the liver | Cori |
| What two 3-carbon molecules are generated by the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate? | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
| What metabolic type of reaction involves the cleavage of bonds by the addition of water? | Hydrolytic |
| The reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide is | FADH2 |
| What metabolic type of reaction involves the addition of a functional group across a double bond or the removal of a functional group to form a double bond? | Lyase |
| An example of an isomerization reaction would be | the conversion of citrate to isocitrate |
| Which of the following is a mechanism by which enzyme catalytic activity is controlled? | Allosteric control, feedback inhibition, covalent modification --- A,B, and C |
| Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency of | Lactase |
| The primary raw materials for gluconeogenesis are | lactate and alanine |
| How many high-energy phosphate bonds are expended in gluconeogenesis? | Six |
| Metabolic processes are regulated by | transcriptional regulation of the amount of enzyme, allosteric control of enzyme activity,accessibility of substrates by compartmentalization ---- A, B, and C |
| This calls of compounds has the molecular formula of (CH2O)n | Monosaccharides |
| These are stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other | Enantiomers |
| These are monosaccharides differ at a single asymmetric carbon | Epimers |
| This is among the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere | Cellulose |
| This is a test solution used to identify reducing and non-reducing sugars | Fehling's |
| The storage form of glucose in animals | Glycogen |
| The class of glycoproteins with predominantly N-acetylgalactosamine moieties | Mucoproteins |
| These are the enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides | Glycosyltransferases |
| Molecule to which most sugars are attached prior to transfer | UDP |
| These proteins bind to specific carbohydrate structures | Lectins |
| ___ is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image | Diastereoisomer |
| ___ is a five membered ring formed from a monosaccharide | Furanose |
| When an open chain monosaccharide cyclizes into a ring | Hemiacetal |
| _______________ is a galactose joined to a glucose by a β-1,4 glycosidic bond. | Lactose |
| Plant starch is composed of amylose a linear polymer of glucose and a branched polymer of glucose referred to as ___ | amylopectin |
| Maltose is composed of two molecules of glucose linked together by a ___ glycosidic bond | alpha 1 , 4 |
| Carbohydrates are | A and B - Aldehydes with two or more hydroxyl groups, ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups |
| The simplest carbohydrates are | dihydroxyacetone and d- and l-glyceraldehyde |
| An aldehyde and alcohol can react to form a | hemiacetal |
| Fructose can cyclize to | both pyranose and furanose ring forms |
| The nutritional storage forms of glucose in plants are | B and C - amylose and amylopectin |
| What is the additional metabolite that is required for the conversion of 3-phospoglycerate to 2-phospoglycerate? | 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
| In N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate portion is attached to a(n)_____________ residue in the protein. | Asparagine |
| A given protein with several potential glycosylation sites can cave many different glycosylated structures called ________________. | Glycoforms |
| The influenza virus recognizes _______________ residues of glycoproteins present on cell surface | sialic acid |
| In C-type lectins, a _______________ acts as a bridge between the carbohydrate and the protein. | calcium ion |
| ________________ is a membrane lipid composed of sphingosine, fatty acid, and a simple sugar. | cerebroside |
| __________________ contain a double bond three carbons from the distal end of the fatty acid. | oo-3 fatty acids |
| In phosphoglycerides, the fatty acids are linked to the glycerol backbone by the ______________ linkages. | ester |
| Ionized fatty acids readily form ______________ in aqueous solutions. | micelles |
| ___________________ are aqueous compartments enclosed by a lipid bilayer. | Lipid vesicles or liposomes |
| ___________________ membrane proteins are bound primarily by electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions with the head groups of lipids. | Peripheral |
| Some proteins are anchored to the membrane by being covalently attached to a _______________ group by a thioester linkage to a specific cysteine residue. | palmitoyl |
| The rate of diffusion is such that a phospholipid molecule can travel from one end of a bacterium to the other in _______________ of time. | one second |
| The temperature at which a phospholipid membrane transitions from a rigid to a fluid state is referred to as _______________. | Tm or melting temperature |
| In animals, ________________ is the key regulator of membrane fluidity. | cholesterol |
| Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid? | A bilayer made of lipids with polyunsaturated 16 carbon-fatty acids |
| Which of the following statements is consistent with the structure of biological membranes? | Which of the following statements is consistent with the structure of biological membranes? |
| How do the membranes of archaea differ from bacteria and eukaryotes? | The lipids do not contain a carboxylic acid ester, but instead have an ether link to the glycerol. The alkyl chains are branched.The stereochemistry of the central carbon of glycerol is inverted. A, B, and C are all correct |
| What force(s) stabilize(s) the lipid bilayers? | van der Waals interactions and Electrostatic and hydrogen bonding between the polar heads and surrounding water - A and B |
| The degree of membrane fluidity depends on | the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids |
| Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is thought to have evolved from bacteria by endosymbosis? | Mitochondria |
| The most common motif found in membrane spanning proteins is | alpha helices of nonpolar amino acids that pass through the membrane. |
| Hydrophobic molecules can be covalently attached to proteins to increase membrane association. Type(s) of group(s) include | palmitoyl groups attached via cys residues. glycolipid structures attached to the carboxy terminus. farnesyl groups attached via cys residues. A B and C |
| The low incidence of protein or lipid flip-flop in a membrane preserves | membrane asymmetry. |
| Which of the following helps regulate membrane fluidity in animals? | Cholesterol |
| Protein kinase A phosphorylates serine and ___________ residues. | threonine |
| ____________ is the membrane protein that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. | Adenylate cyclase |
| The cytosolic side, or β subunit, of the insulin receptor is a ________________ kinase. | tyrosine |
| The ________ receptor is approximately 50% identical in amino acid sequence with the EGF receptor and has similar domain structure, but it does not bind any known ligand. | Her2 |
| Important secondary messengers include cAMP, cGMP, calcium ion, _______________________, and diacylglycerol. | inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate |
| Input from several signaling pathways is called _____________________. | cross talk |
| _______________________ binds to β-andrenergic receptors | Epinephrine, Adrenaline |
| The binding of IP3 to the IP3 receptor results in the release of __________ from the endoplasmic reticulum | calcium ion |
| The catalytically active form of the insulin receptor is a result of phosphorylation of specific ____________ residues in the activation loop. | : tyrosine |
| EGF signaling is terminated by the action of phosphatases and the hydrolysis of _____________ by Ras. | GTP |
| _____________ is the first stage of catabolism and involves the degradation of macromolecules in food into smaller units. | Digestion |
| Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are | always positioned on the extracellular side of the membrane |
| What force(s) stabilize(s) the lipid bilayers? | van der Waals interactions and Electrostatic and hydrogen bonding between the polar heads and surrounding water (A and B) |
| The degree of membrane fluidity depends on | the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids |
| Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is thought to have evolved from bacteria by endosymbosis? | Mitochondria |
| The most common motif found in membrane spanning proteins is | alpha helices of nonpolar amino acids that pass through the membrane. |
| Hydrophobic molecules can be covalently attached to proteins to increase membrane association. Type(s) of group(s) include | palmitoyl groups attached via cys residues, glycolipid structures attached to the carboxy terminus, farnesyl groups attached via cys residues (all of the above) |
| The low incidence of protein or lipid flip-flop in a membrane preserves | membrane asymmetry. |
| Which of the following helps regulate membrane fluidity in animals? | Cholesterol |
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AshCha
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