Exams, projections and so forth
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | structure and function of urinary tract
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| Structures visualized in IVU | show 🗑
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| Functions demonstrated in IVU | show 🗑
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| Reasons for IVU (9) | show 🗑
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| Pyelonephritis | show 🗑
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| show | abnormal dialation of the pelvicalyceal system
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| show | Low residue diet to prevent gas formation. NPO after midnight. Laxatives. Pt should not be dehydrated (pt with certain diseases could go into renal failure)
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| show | Laxatives, suppositories, and dietary restrictions. Routine- 48 hours. Children and elderly- 24 hours. Diabetic- 18 hours
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| show | b/c colon is anterior to the urinary tract. no prep is usually needed for lower urinary tract
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| Pre exam procedure for kids IVU | show 🗑
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| show | Poor kidney function. Allergic to iodine
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| show | Elderly, asthma, elevated creatinine, sickle cell, DM, multiple myeloma, children, circulatory or cardiovascular disease
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| show | The type and amount depends on age weight and medical history
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| Contrast media used for IVP's | show 🗑
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| show | Contrast with iodine in concentrations of 30% or less bc it is less irritation on the bladder. Reaction to contrast for cystography isnt a concern cuz its introduced into bladder via catheter and doesnt flow through the blood system
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| 3 ways to administer contrast media | show 🗑
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| show | Bolus and infusion
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| Bolus injection | show 🗑
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| show | Contrast is hung, elongates nephrogram or blush phase, allows nephrons to be visualized longer during filming.
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| Minutes contrast shows up | show 🗑
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| show | Previous reaction-3x as likley; Severe allergies-2x; Asthma-3x Age-50+; BP; heart disease; alcoholism; DM; CHF; certain meds; recent MI
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| Reactions to contrast media happen within | show 🗑
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| Normal contrast media symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | Require no meds for relief of symptoms. Nausea; Hives (uticaria); Itching; sneezing; vasovagal response; extravasation; pain; burning; numbness
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| Vasovagal response | show 🗑
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| Extravasation | show 🗑
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| show | Excessive/giant hives, tachycardia, excessive vomitting. requires treatment of symptoms and treatment to pt
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| show | Very low BP; cardiac/respiratory arrest; LOC; Convulsions; Laryngeal Edema; Cyanosis; Dyspneal Shock
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| OVGH projections for IVU | show 🗑
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| AP Survey IVU | show 🗑
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| AP Tomo survey IVU | show 🗑
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| To choose depth for tomo slices | show 🗑
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| show | No kidney is seen, too much of transverse process of spine is seen
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| show | No transverse processes are seen, unable to see vertebral body in cuboid space
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| Nephrotomogram | show 🗑
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| Nephrogram | show 🗑
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| 10 Min RPO LPO IVU | show 🗑
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| show | Elevated kidney will be parallel with film. Dependant kidney will be perpendicular to film. Best visualizes ureter side down. Elevated ureter is seen but will be over spine
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| show | Same as AP Survey. The upper calyces fill with contrast better bc the upper poles of the kidneys are more then the inferior poles
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| 15 min AP Trendelberg IVU | show 🗑
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| show | 14x17LW. CR Crest. Demo ureteropelvic region. If pt has hydronephrosis, obstructed ureter will fill better
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| Ureteral compression | show 🗑
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| Contraindications for compression for IVU 6 | show 🗑
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| show | 14x17 LW; if dont erect, remember the kidneys normally drop 2" center slightly below crest
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| show | Residual urine in bladder, small tumors, enlargement of prostate, erect view demo mobility of kidneys and nephroptosis
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| show | Lateral, Dorsal Decub
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| Lateral proj IVU | show 🗑
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| Lateral IVU demo | show 🗑
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| Dorsal decub IVU | show 🗑
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| Dorsal decub Demo IVU | show 🗑
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| Retrograde Urography | show 🗑
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| show | Pt may have renal insufficiency (poor renal function)
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| show | Prelim film, pyelogram film, uretrogram film
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| show | shows catheter in place, can adjust positioning and technique
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| show | shows pelvicalyceal region of kidney, head of table may be lowered 10-15 degrees to keep contrast from escaping into ureters. Pt may feel pressure in their back when pelvis is full
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| Ureterogram film | show 🗑
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| Cystogram | show 🗑
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| show | Vesicoureteral reflux, recurrent lower UTIs, Neurogenic bladder, bladder trauma, Urethral stricture, posterior urehtral valves
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| show | Inability to catheterize
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| show | 10x12 LW, pt supine, legs extended.
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| CR ap axial bladder | show 🗑
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| show | Distal ureters will be visualized and will demo any ureteral reflux, prostate and proximal male urethra will be visiualized
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| show | 10x12Lw, CR->10-15 cephalic, entering 1" distal to tip of coccyx (exits little above superior border of the pubic symph) or 20-25 ceph, to demo prostate and project if above the pubic bones
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| LPO/RPO Bladder proj | show 🗑
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| show | 10x12 LW, rt or lt, cr-2" above pubic symph at MCP. Demo anterior and posterior bladder walls and base of bladder
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| VCUG | show 🗑
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| show | tumors, abscesses, diverticula, dialation, stricture, urinary incontience due to increased intraabdominal pressure such as coughing and and sneezing
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| Urography | show 🗑
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| show | Antegrade, retrograde
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| Antegrade urography | show 🗑
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| methods of antergrade urography | show 🗑
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| Percutaneous method | show 🗑
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| show | bladder, lower ureters and urethra. Cystography, cystoureterography, cystourethrography. All done retrograde. All catherization
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| show | radiographic technique that shows a single plane of tissue by blurring images of structure above and below the area of interest
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| Zonography | show 🗑
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| show | evaluates renal hypertensions, intestinal shadows will be removed
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| show | done to differentiate b/w cysts and tumors of the renal parenchyma. Direct injection into cyst under fluoro. US pretty much eliminated these exams
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