Edexcel B1 Adaptations, Evolution and Genetics
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| Explain why brown eyes parents can have a blue-eyed baby | Because both parents may carry the recessive blue eyes gene; the gene does not show in the parents because they also have the brown eye gene.
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| Explain why 100% of babies from a HOMOZYGOUS brown eye parent will have brown eyes | Because the HOMOZYGOUS parent will give the baby a dominant gene, so whatever the partner gives the baby, the baby always will have brown eyes
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| Explain why 25% of babies from heterozygous brown-eyed parents will be blue-eyed | Parents each have Ee genotypes: their gametes are either "E" or "e"; The genotypes of the babies will be EE; Ee; Ee and ee. Only the "ee" baby has blue eyes
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| Name the curve that looks like a bell | Normal Distribution curve
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| State 2 genetic variations | Eye colour; ability to roll tongue
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| What were the 2 pieces of evidence that Darwin used? | Finches and Fossil record
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| Explain why the evidence from fossil record is not so good | Very long gaps between fossils
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| Biodiversity | The variety of plants and animals
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| Variation | Differences in features of living organisms. For example: eye colour, height, etc...
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| Key | A diagram that contains a set of questions. It can be used to name a living organism
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| Continuous Variation | A variation like weight or height that can be measured with a (decimal) number
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| Discontinuous Variation | A variation like eye colour or ability to roll tongue, where the response can only be from a small choice (blue or brown, etc..)
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| Acquired characteristic | A feature that is changed by the environment rather than inherited by your parents
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| Adaptation | A feature that allows an organism to survive better in its environment.
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| Genetic variation | Differences in features of living organisms that are caused by genes.
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| Speciation | Formation of a new species.
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| Habitat | The place where an organism lives
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| Hydrothermal vents | places deep under sea where water is heated by magma and where hot gases come out.
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| Normal distribution curve | A graph with the shape of a bell: most values are in the middle; very few on the extremes
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| Characteristic | A feature of an organism
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| Survival of the fittest | The theory that states that only animals that are best adapted to their environment will survive.
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| Competition | When organism "fight" for the same resource: water, food, shelter
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| Evolution | The gradual change that happens over long period of time
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| Extinction | The total wipe-out of a species, where not a single organism survives!
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| Allele | Alternative versions of the same gene. For example the gene for eye colour has two alleles: brown and blue
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| Chromosomes | A long thread of DNA.
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| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like part of the cell where the chemical reactions takes place.
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| Gene | Part of the DNA that codes for a protein (ie it contains the instructions on how to make the protein).
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| DNA | The chemical that makes up chromosomes. A double helix.
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| Inherited variation | A feature inherited from your parents. For example whether you can roll your tongue.
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| Nucleus | part of the cell where the chromosomes are kept.
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| Cell membrane | Thin layer around the cell that controls what goes in and out of the cell.
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| Dominant | The allele that will always "show" (unless there are two recessive alleles). It is represented by a CAPITAL letter.
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| Gamete | A sex cell.
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| Genetic cross diagram | Diagram to show how the alleles of parents combine to make different offsprings.
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| Genotype | The 2 letters that represent the alleles for a given organism. For example, these are 3 different genotypes: Bb or bb or BB
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| Heterozygous | When an organism carries two alleles that are different. For example Bb.
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| Homozygous | When an organism carries two alleles that are the same. For example BB or bb.
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| Phenotype | The feature that will show: for example the phenotype of eye colour is brown or blue
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| Pollen grain | Male plant sex cell
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| Recessive | The allele that will not "show", unless the TWO recessive alleles are present. It is represented by a SMALL letter.
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| Probability | How likely it is to happen. Can be expressed as a ratio or as a percentage.
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| Punnett square | Diagram in the form of a table to show how the alleles of parents combine to make different offsprings.
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| Cystic Fibrosis | Genetic disorder where excess mucus is produced.
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| Genetic disorder | A disease caused by alleles
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| Pedigree analysis | A diagram that shows the genes of members of a family.
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| Sickle cell disease | Genetic disorder where red blood cell are mis-shaped.
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| Carrier | When an organism has a both a recessive allele and a dominant one. The organism is not showing any sign of disease itself.
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| Malaria | A disease carried by mosquitoe and caused by a protist.
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| Give an example of when two species become separate. Explain how this comes about. | When two species are separated geographically, each group may evolve differently. So much that they can not interbreed.
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| Give the symptoms of Malaria | High fever, vomiting, headaches. Can lead to death.
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| Describe the symptoms of Sickle Cell Anaemia | Tiredness, short of breath, pains in the joints
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| Explain why sufferers of Sickle Cell disease are often short of breath. | The red blood cells are "deformed" and they can not carry oxygen correctly.
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| Explain why sufferers of Cystic Fibrosis are often short of breath. | Too much mucus prevents good gas exchange in the lungs
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| Describe the theory of evolution | When the environment changes, only the individuals that are best adapted/best features will survive. These individual pass on the successful genes to their offspring.
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