GCSE - water world
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| What is the biosphere? | The zone where life is found
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| What is the lithosphere? | The uppermost layer of the earth
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| What is the hydrosphere? | All the water that is close or on the surface of the earth
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| What is the hyrological cycle? | The movement of water between the different states; gas, liquid, solid
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| How does the hydrological cycle work as a system of water stores and transfers? | Water stores: lakes, oceans, groundwater, clouds
Water transfers: evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, percolation
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| Where is the Sahel and what is some of its geography? | LOCATION: strip of land across subsaharan Africa
PHYSICAL: Semi-arid region with less precipitation than evaporation, unpredictable rain
HUMAN: farming is difficult, low human development, malnutrition
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| How might climate change affect the Sahel region? | Warmer temperatures -> increased evaporation -> higher water vapour concentrations -> unpredictable but more intense rain -> land is more dry so less infiltration ->less groundwater recharge -> more run off causing floods
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| What is the difference between physical water scarcity, economic water scarcity and water stress? | WATER STRESS: when demand for water exceeds available amount
PHYSICAL SCARCITY: when there isn't enough rain to fulfill the demand
ECONOMIC SCARCITY: when people can't afford water/access to water
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| What are some examples of pressures on water availability? | - population growth: not enough water for so many people
- climate change: areas with little water will have even less
- urbanisation: water supply wont fulfill demand with so many people in a city
- industrial development: need water for manufacturing
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| What are some examples of pressures on water quality? | Agricultural run-off e.g. fertilisers cause eutrophication, salt run-off from roads, toxic materials from mines pollute water, oil spills, poor sewage systems in developing world
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| What where the impacts of changing water supplies in the Sahel? | 1)there was above-average rain before 1960s
2)populations increased in Sahel
3)new farming techniques were used, with water-dependant cattle that needed space and grass
4)changing water patterns killed cattle, crops & people, & desertification
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| Give an example of where there are pressures on water quality? | The River Danube- 1) a dam collapsed so masses of arsenic and mercury got into Marcal River then into River Danube (killed livestock, crops, wildlife) 2) agricultural run-off from fertilisers 3) sewage from poor sewage systems 4) slurry
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| How do humans interfere with the water cycle? | * overabstraction of groundwater- done when there is population growth, a drought, when an area develops- causes subsidence and is unsustainable ISRAEL
* building a reservoir- done to store water for use in a city- causes a loss of land, ruins ecosystems
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| What is a dam and what are its uses? | A large, concrete wall that stops the flow of a river, with a reservoir behind it. It is used to store water for municipal/ industrial/ agricultural use, for water sports, for generating electricity, for irrigation
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| What is an example of a large scale water project in a developed area? | The hoover dam, Las Vegas: Colorado river and Lake Mead
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| What are the benefits of the hoover dam? | ECONOMIC: tourist attraction, creates jobs
SOCIAL: people in Nevada and other states can have a good water supply, recreational activities
ENVIRONMENTAL: HEP is renewable and sustainable, local farmers get a regular supply of water for irrigation
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| What are the costs of the hoover dam? | ECONOMIC: expensive to build
SOCIAL: construction of the dam caused deaths and spread diseases
ENVIRONMENTAL: construction of the dam caused pollution, the Colorado river delta ecosystem was destroyed
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| What is an example of a large scale water project in a developing area? | The Three Gorges Dam, China: Yangtze River and Three Gorges reservoir
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| What are the benefits of the three gorges dam? | ECONOMIC:better navigation from dam increases trade, less money to build than rebuilding after flood
SOCIAL: better flood control and navigation
ENVIRONMENTAL: HEP is renewable and sustainable
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| What are the costs of the three gorges dam? | ECONOMIC: expensive to build, relocatees drained the economy
SOCIAL: 1.4 million people had to be moved from their homes
ENVIRONMENTAL: construction released greenhouse gases and toxic substances into water
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| How can appropriate technology affect water resources in the developing world? (Burkina Faso) | Hand dug wells use sand and gravel as natural filters so locals can get clean water- easy to build, uses local resources, better health, locals are taught how to build it themselves, not expensive
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| How can appropriate technology affect water resources in the developing world? (Mali) | Rain harvesting in Mali- locals have clean water during dry season, cheap, locals are taught how to build it themselves, uses local resources, improves health
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