Abnormal Psych Chapter 3
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| show | individual (information)
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| show | the collecting of relevant information in an effort to reach a conclusion
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| show | used to describe how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped; enables clinicians to evaluate people's progress after they have been in treatment for a while and decide whether the treatment should be changed
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| show | 3 kinds of clinical assessment tools:
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| show | to set up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered
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| Reliability | show 🗑
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| Test-retest reliability | show 🗑
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| Interrater Reliability | show 🗑
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| show | an assessment tool must accurately measure what it is supposed to measure
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| show | type of validity; the assessment tool may appear to be valid simply because it makes sense and seems reasonable
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| Predictive Validity | show 🗑
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| Concurrent Validity | show 🗑
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| Clinical Interview | show 🗑
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| show | Type of interview; clinician asks open-ended questions; allows interviewer to follow leads and explore relevant topics
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| Structured interview | show 🗑
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| show | a standard set of questions designed for all interviews
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| show | a set of questions and observations that systematically evaluate the client's awareness, orientation with regard to time and place, attention span, memory, judgement and insight, thought content and processes, mood, and appearance
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| can lack validity or accuracy; people may be unable to give accurate report in interview; interviewers may make mistakes/judgements/biases; diff responses to diff. interviewers; | show 🗑
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| show | Devices for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning, from which broader info about the person can be inferred
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| show | require clients interpret vague stimuli, such as inkblots or ambiguous pics; used primarily by psychodynamic clinicians to help assess unconscious drives/conflicts at root of abnorm functioning
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| Rorschach test, Thematic Apperception Test, sentence completion tests, and drawings | show 🗑
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| Rorschach Test | show 🗑
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| Thematic Apperception Test | show 🗑
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| show | test that asked people to complete a serious of unfinished sentences
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| show | test where individuals are told to draw a person and then are instructed to draw another person of the opposite sex
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| practitioners have less use for the tests; have not consistently shown much reliability or validity (clinicians score differently, sometimes biased against minority ethnic groups | show 🗑
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| Personality Inventory | show 🗑
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| show | personality inventory consists of more than 500 (new version 567) self-statements labeled T, F, or cannot say; above 70- deviant
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| Hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia , schizophrenia, hypomania, social introversion | show 🗑
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| quick to administer; objectively scored; most standardized; greater test-retest reliability; greater validity; | show 🗑
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| show | Problems with the MMPI and other personality inventories:
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| show | type of assessment that asks people to provide detailed info about themselves; focus on ONE specific area of functioning (such as affect)
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| Affective Inventories | show 🗑
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| Social Skills Inventories | show 🗑
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| Cognitive Inventories | show 🗑
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| show | Problems with Response Inventories
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| Psychophysiological Tests | show 🗑
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| show | lie detector; electrodes detect changes in breathing, perspiration, and heart rate while person is asked questions; control questions and test questions
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| require expensive equipment; can be inaccurate and unreliable; lab equipment may arouse patient; responses may change throughout session; | show 🗑
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| show | Test designed to measure brain structure and activity directly ; Ex: EEG
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| show | type of neurological test that records brain waves through electrodes placed on the scalp
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| neuroimaging/brain scanning techniques | show 🗑
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| unable to detect subtle brain abnormalities | show 🗑
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| Neuropsychological tests | show 🗑
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| Visual perception, memory, and visual-motor coordination | show 🗑
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| Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test | show 🗑
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| Intelligence test | show 🗑
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| show | Pro's about intelligence tests
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| outside factors (such as low motivation/high anxiety) can influence performance; cultural biases | show 🗑
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| Naturalistic Observation, analog observation, self-monitoring | show 🗑
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| Naturalistic Observations | show 🗑
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| show | clinical observation; often aided by special equipment such as videotape or one-way mirror; often focused on children interacting w/ parents, married couples settling disagreement, speech-anxious people, fearful people
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| not always reliable; observer may make errors that affect validity; observer may suffer from overload , observer drift, or observer bias; client's reactivity can limit validity; may lack cross-situational validity | show 🗑
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| Self-Monitoring | show 🗑
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| useful for infrequent/too frequent behaviors; maybe only way to observe and measure private thoughts or perceptions | show 🗑
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| validity, people do not always manage/try to record observations accurately ; may change their behaviors unintentionally | show 🗑
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| show | a determination that a person's psychological problems constitute a particular disorder
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| show | a cluster of symptoms
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| show | a list of categories, or disorder, with descriptions of the symptoms and guidelines for assigning individuals to the categories
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| show | lists approximately 400 mental disorders; classification system, text information; requires clinicians to evaluate a client's condition on 5 separate axes when making diagnosis
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| show | in the DSM-IV-TR; accompanies the classification system ; the background info such as research findings, age, culture, gender trends; & each disorder's prevalence, risk, course, complications, predisposing factors, & family patterns
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| Axes | show 🗑
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| Axis I | show 🗑
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| show | axis that includes long-standing problems that are frequently overlooked in the presence of the disorders on Axis 1; 2 groups: mental retardation & personality disorders
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| Axis III | show 🗑
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| show | axis that asks about special psychosocial or environmental problems the person is facing
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| show | axis that requires the diagnostician to make a global assessment of functioning (GAF); to rate the person's psychological, social, and occupational functioning overall
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| show | Pros and Cons of the DSM-IV-TR:
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| DSM's assumption that clinical disorders are qualitatively diff from norm behavior (may differ in degree); use of discrete diagnostic cats., w/ each category of pathology considered to be separate from the others (some categories reflect SINGLE dimension) | show 🗑
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| show | Problems with Diagnosis and Labeling:
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| often more helpful than no treatment or placebos; no one form generally stands out over all others | show 🗑
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| show | Factors of successful therapists
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| 1/3 Phenomenon | show 🗑
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