Exam 1
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| show | the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution
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| Mean | show 🗑
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| Median | show 🗑
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| show | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
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| show | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
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| show | a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes
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| show | a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
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| Scatterplots | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average
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| show | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
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| show | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
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| Longitudinal study | show 🗑
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| show | theorized about learning and memory, motivation and emotion, perception and personality.
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| show | crated an experiment apparatus to measure the lag time between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform and them pressing a telegraph key.
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| show | Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning.
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| show | Austrian physician who developed an influential theory of personality and emphasized the ways emotion responses affect our behavior.
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| show | Swiss biologist who was the most influential observer of children.
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| Introspection | show 🗑
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| show | demonstrated conditioned responses on "Little Albert"
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| psychology | show 🗑
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| show | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make the development of psychological traits and behaviors
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| basic research | show 🗑
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| show | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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| SQ3R | show 🗑
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| hindsight bias | show 🗑
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| critical thinking | show 🗑
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| theory | show 🗑
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| show | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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| Operational definition | show 🗑
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| show | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
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| Case study | show 🗑
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| show | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
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| show | all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population)
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| show | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
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| show | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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| show | famous for her work with observing chimpanzees using deception
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| show | the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other.
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| Illusory correlation | show 🗑
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| Experiment | show 🗑
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| show | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
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| Experimental group | show 🗑
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| Control group | show 🗑
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| show | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
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| Placebo effect | show 🗑
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| show | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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| show | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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| Culture | show 🗑
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| Associative learning | show 🗑
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| Classical conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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| Neutral stimulus (NS) | show 🗑
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| Unconditioned response (UR) | show 🗑
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| show | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response
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| show | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | show 🗑
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| show | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
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| Higher-order conditioning | show 🗑
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| Extinction | show 🗑
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| Spontaneous recovery | show 🗑
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| Generalization | show 🗑
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| show | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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| Respondent behavior | show 🗑
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| show | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher
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| Operant behavior | show 🗑
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| show | Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences become more likely.
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| Operant chamber | show 🗑
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| show | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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| show | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.
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| Negative reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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| show | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
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| Continuous reinforcement | show 🗑
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| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | show 🗑
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| Fixed-ratio schedule | show 🗑
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| show | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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| Fixed-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| Variable-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| Punishment | show 🗑
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| Cognitive map | show 🗑
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| Latent learning | show 🗑
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| show | animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns
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| Observational learning | show 🗑
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| Modeling | show 🗑
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| Mirror neurons | show 🗑
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| show | positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
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| show | our attitudes and our explanations of people’s sometimes unexpected actions.
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| show | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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| Attribution theory | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
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| Attitude | show 🗑
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| show | attitude-change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
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| Peripheral route persuasion | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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| show | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position out to behave.
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| show | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
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| Chameleon effect | show 🗑
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| show | adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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| show | influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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| Informational social influence | show 🗑
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| Social facilitation | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal rather than individually accountable.
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| Deindividuation | show 🗑
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| show | the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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| Groupthink | show 🗑
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| Minority influence | show 🗑
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| Prejudice | show 🗑
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| Stereotype | show 🗑
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| show | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
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| Just-world phenomenon | show 🗑
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| show | “us”: people with whom we share a common identity
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| show | “them”: those perceived as different or apart from our group
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| In-group bias | show 🗑
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| show | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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| Other-race effect | show 🗑
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| show | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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| show | unconscious behaviors on how to act in a new situation
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| Rape myth | show 🗑
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| show | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to a novel stimuli increases liking them
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| Reward theory of attraction | show 🗑
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| Passionate love | show 🗑
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| Companionate love | show 🗑
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| show | emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal
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| show | believed that the mind and body are separate.
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| show | suggested that animal spirits flow through the nerves so as to produce movements of the body.
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| Charles Darwin | show 🗑
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| false consensus effect | show 🗑
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| show | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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| Self-disclosure | show 🗑
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| show | unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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| show | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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| show | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
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| Reciprocity norm | show 🗑
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| show | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
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| Conflict | show 🗑
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| show | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, became caught in mutually destructive behavior.
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| show | mutual views often help by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
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| show | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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| GRIT | show 🗑
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| William James | show 🗑
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| show | the first woman to receive a psychology Ph. D.
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| B. F. Skinner | show 🗑
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