Geography Exam 112
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| Minerals | naturally occurring, pure, non-living substances that are found in the rocks in the earth. When refined yield a group of materials that are metallic minerals (copper, gold, iron etc.)
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| Fossil Fuels | are any mineral that can be burned to produce energy (coal, oil, natural gas etc)
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| Industrial | minerals (salt, asbestos) are used by industry manufacturing
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| Mineral reserves | Mineral deposits that are economical to mine
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| Geology | is the science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth, the rocks which it is comprised of and the processes which alter the earth
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| Geologists | are experts that study the history, composition, and structure of the Earth’s crust
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| Ore | mineral is rock that provides enough valuable minerals to make mining profitable
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| Underground mining | is the technique used to recover deep mineral deposits
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| Strip mining | is the method of mining used to recover mineral deposits located very near the surface
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| Open Pit Mining | a method of mining that utilizes a large hole that is dug for the purpose
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| Groundfish | fish, such as cod and sole that live and feed near the bottom of the sea
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| Pelegic Fish | fish that feed and are caught near e. salmon, tuna, herring
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| Shellfish | molluscs and crustaceans such as oysters, shrimps and lobsters
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| Balance of trade | difference between value of exports and value of imports. If exports exceed imports, there is a trade surplus. If imports exceed exports, there is a trade deficit.
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| Continental Shelf | gently sloping outer edge of a continent, that exceeds below surface of the ocean to a maximum depth of about 200 meters
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| Fishing Banks | shallow area on the continental shelf that provides a feeding and spawning ground for fish
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| Plankton | microscope plants and animals eaten by small fish and shellfish
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| Inshore Fishing | commercial fishing that takes places within a few kilometres of shoreline. Small fishing boats go out to sea and return to shore each day
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| Offshore Fishing | ocean fishery done from boats longer than 25 meters. The boats stay at sea several days before returning to share with their catch.
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| Sustained Yield Management | use of a renewable resource at a rate that allows the resource to renew itself. For example, the number of fish caught should not be greater than the number fish reaching maturity
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| Aquaculture | protection of fish on other marine products or fish forms
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| Overfishing | The catch allowed by the federal government each year appears to have been too high
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| Improved Fishing Technology | By the later 1960s, the foreign fishing fleets of countries such as Russia and Japan caught far more fish than sustained yield methods would have allowed
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| Destructive Fishing Practices | When trawlers were trying to catch one kind of fish; many other types of fish may have been caught in the nets. These unwanted fish, which were already dead, were usually thrown away
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| Changes in Natural Conditions | environmental changes becoming the blame. Water temperatures become cooler (changes migration routes), decline un sealing industry caused increase in seal population seals are eating most our fishes
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| Commercial Forest | part of a forest that has large enough trees and is closer enough to a market to allow it to be harvested by the forest industry
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| Non-commercial Forest | part of a forest that has trees too small or is too far away from the market
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| Boreal Forest(and Taiga forest) | coniferous (needle leaved) forest that stretches from east to west across Canada, south of the tundra but north of the grasslands
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| Mixed Forest | vegetation region that combines both coniferous and deciduous trees. If is a transition zone between the deciduous forest and boreal forest
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| Clear cutting | logging method where all trees in an area (except for very small ones) are cut at one time
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| Shelterwood Logging | method of forest harvesting in which up to 70% of trees are cut, leaving small patches of old growth standing to provide seeds for regeneration
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| Selective Cutting | lumbering technique in which only trees of certain type, size, quality are cut
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| Acid Precipitation | rain, snow, or fog created after sulphur dioxide and nitric oxides mix with water vapour in the atmosphere. Acid precipitation kills vegetation and turns lakes acidic, causing fish to die and wildlife to disappear
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| Silviiculture | branch of forestry dealing with the cultivation and care of forests
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| Primary Industries | industries that deals a production of primary products such as minerals that are mined or quarried, or an agricultural product that is harvested in its raw state eg. mine- raw material
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| Secondary Industries | industries dealing with manufacturing or construction eg. factory
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| Tertiary industries | industry that provides services rather than goods eg. ski resort, services
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| Quaternary Industries | services that provide information
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| Drainage Basins | drained by a river and its tributaries. One drainage basin is separated from another by an area of higher land called a watershed.
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| Watershed | an area of high land that separates one drainage basin from another
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| Withdrawal Use | actually removes the water from the human body. Uses thermal power generation and manufacturing, municipal, agricultural, and mining activities
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| Location | where a place is. Every point on earth has a specific or absolute location that can be precisely determined by using latitude and longitude
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| Relative location | deals with the interaction that occurs between and among places
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| Place | refers to the personality or special characteristics of a particular site
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| Society and Environment | Geographers study human/environmental interactions to look at all the effects- positive or negative- of human occupation on the land, atmosphere, and biosphere
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| Movement | resources, products, other life forms, information and ideas move from location to location
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| Regions | a basic unit of geographic study is the region- an area on the earth’s surface that is defined by certain unifying characteristics
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| Physical Pollution | Is the least harmful because it deals with floating garbage, old tires, paper litter, pop cans, and bottles are not pleasant to look at, but are easily spotted so clean up is easy
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| Biological Pollution | Deals with bacteria and viruses that enter lakes and rivers from a variety of source. A lot from sewage of cities and towns, about 20% of Canadian cities put their raw sewage into lakes and rivers
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| Chemical Pollution | Metals and solvents from industrial work can pollute rivers and lakes. Pesticides are used in farming to control weeds, insects and fungi. Petroleum is another form of chemical pollutant that usually contaminates water through oil spills (ship ruptures)
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| Caldera | is a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by a collapse of land following a volcanic eruption
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| Crater | a shallow depression at the top of a volcanic eruption
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| Lava | when molten magma reaches the surface of the crust
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| Pyroclastic Flow | an extremely fast moving cloud of ash, cinder, and lava, most deadly
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| Cinder Cone | volcano is a small volcano whose sides are built from cinders
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| Strato volcano | very tall steep sided mountain type of volcano, most common
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| Shield Volcano | very flat, dome like hill, lava very fluid and levels out the land around the volcano
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| Hot Spot | volcanoes are formed over cracks in plates away from plate boundaries, plumes of heat from Earth's mantle
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| Ring of Fire | most located near plate boundaries and ring of fire, ring of fire is a belt of volcanoes surrounding Pacific Plate
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| Canadian Shield | Volcano Activity. lead+gold. mining, metallic minerals, concentrated minerals into products
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| Western Cordillera | Collision of North American and Pacific Plates, metallic minerals, gold, copper, zinc low enough for highways and railways for tourist
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| Innuitians | North American Plates moved northward (Mesozoic Era), mostly sedimentary but also igneous and metamorphic, cheaper options exist further south
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| Arctic/Hudson Bay Lowlands | made up of series of islands located Canada's far north, gently rolling landscape, sedimentary rock, lignite (a form of coal), used for oil, natural gas, deposits
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| Atmosphere | composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, trace gases make up the rest
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| Hydrosphere | water bodies takes 2/3 of earth's crust
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| Lithosphere | earth's crust, 8 to 32 km deep
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| Mesosphere | earth's mantle
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| Centrosphere | core- outer core- silicon and iron, liquid substance- 2900 km to 5750 km deep
inner core- nickel and iron, thicker liquid substance, 5750 km- 6878 km deep
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| Erosion | weathering, or wearing down, of the earth's surface by water, ice, wind, plant, roots, animals and people
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| Continental Drift | that is whether the continents have always been fixed in their present position or whether they have moved around on the face of earth
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| Canadian Shield | Volcano activity, lead and gold, mining, metallic minerals, concentrated minerals into products
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| Great Lakes/St. Lawrence | Glaciation, sedimentary rock, good soil, climate warm, transportation routes, development of cities
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| Volcano | a gap in the Earth's crust where molten rock and after materials escape onto the Earth's surface
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| Active | a volcano that erupts often
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| Dormant | a volcano that hasn't erupted in many years, but could erupt
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| Extinct | a volcano that does not erupt anymore
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| Magma Chamber | Beneath the volcano is a large chamber where molten rock (magma) collects
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| Conduit | the main passageway from the magma chamber to the outside of the volcano
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| Divergent Country | where new crust is generated as the planets pull away from each other eg. Africa
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| Convergent Boundary | where crust is destroyed as one plate divides another eg. Peru and Chile
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| Transform Fault | zone between 2 plates sliding horizontally past one another
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| Hotspots | relatively small, long-lasting, and exceptionally hot region (the Hawaiian hot spots)
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| Obliquity | is when the tilt of Earth's axis change slightly, every 40,000 years
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| Eccentricity | is when the Earth's orbit become more elliptical, every 100,000
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| Precession | when the Earth wobbles on its axis, every 20,00 years
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| Glacier | a slow moving mass of ice
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| Alpine Glacier | occurs in areas of high altitude usually on mountains
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| Continental Glacier | occurs in areas of high latitude (far north or far south)
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| Cirque | a fan shaped valley created by an Alpine Glacier, carved into rock are called Tarns
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| Arete | is a sharp steep ridge
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| Horn | pyramidal peak created by glacial erosion
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| Hanging Valleys | valleys that end abruptly over cliffs
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| Moraines | when glaciers bulldoze material from the sides of mountains, composed of Glacial Till, pile of glacial debris scraped up by a glacier
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| Striations | glaciers make deep scratches in a rock
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| Outwash Plain | the flat area in front of a glacier
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| Glacial Meltwater | washes out in front of the ice creating a flat plain
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| Drumlin | another glacial feature left behind after a continental glacier has melted is a spoon or egg shaped hill
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| Esker | a long narrow ridge created by a glacier
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| Kettle Lakes | when a glacier passes over an area it sometimes scours out the rock and creates shallow depressions
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| Kame | is a large glacial mound composed of till
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| Erratic | is a large boulder turn off a rock face and transported a long distance from its source by a glacier
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| Deciduous | tree which sheds its leaves annually in the fall (broad leaved tree)
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| Conferious | tree with cones and often needle-like leaves (evergreen
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