Science MidTerm Review
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| A hypothesis is | a proposed explanation for a set of observations
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| The role of a control in an experiment is to | provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group
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| If you eat a hamburger, you are mainly eating ground-up beef muscle. What levels of organization are represented in this ground-up muscle? | organelle, cell, and tissue
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| An example of a stimulus that a plant would respond to is: | sunlight.
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| Which of the following things would be considered complex AND organized? | red blood cell in the human body
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| DNA is a molecule that directly allows a living thing to: | store information.
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| The process of homeostasis is: | how organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
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| Living systems need energy to: | grow larger, replace worn-out parts and build new parts, help maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
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| The complexity of living systems: | is also highly organized.
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| Identify a characteristic that is representative of some, but not all, life-forms. | movement over great distances
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| Which function below is performed by eukaryotic cells, but not prokaryotic cells? | internal digestion of cellular garbage by a structure called a lysosome
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| Biology is the study of _____. | life
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| Which series of terms is in the sequence of biological organization from the simplest to the most complex? | cell, tissue, organ, population
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| Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is | 100 times more acidic.
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| Household ammonia has a pH of 12; household bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the following statements about them is true? | The ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach.
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| Which four elements are the primary components of important biological molecules, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates? | nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| An atom and an ion of the same element differ in the number of _____. | electrons
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| The hydrogen bonds in liquid water are less stable than in ice. Why? | There is less movement of molecules in colder conditions.
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| To understand biology, we need to understand chemistry. Why? | Chemicals are fundamental to the structure and function of all living things.
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| The pH of human blood is maintained at around pH 7.4. Why does a buffer system need to be present in blood to protect against changes in pH due to increases in acids? | The metabolic processes of the body produce more acids than bases.
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| The number of protons in an uncharged atom _____. | equals the total number of electrons in the orbital shells
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| Two atoms of the same element must have the same number of _____. | protons
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| Which of the following subatomic particles shown below always has a positive charge? | proton
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| Which of the following describes a covalent bond? | Two or more atoms share electron pairs.
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| An ionic bond in which a sodium atom transfers an electron to a chlorine atom, making sodium ion and a chlorine ion. This is a result of what? | an attraction between atoms that have opposite charges
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| A hydrogen bond is _____. | weak
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| What is the tendency of water molecules to stick together is called what? | Cohesion
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| Water can resist temperature change because _____. | heating water absorbs energy by disrupting the hydrogen bonds before evaporation can occur
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| Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70-95% water. As a result, _____. | a variety of nutrient molecules are readily available as dissolved solutes
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| What property of water makes it move upward from the roots of plants? | cohesion
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| What is an acid? An acid _____. | donates hydrogen ions to solutions
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| A solution with a pH of 7 is | neutral.
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| Organic compounds | always contain carbon.
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| A hydroxyl group is | characteristic of alcohols.
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| Which of the following is a carboxyl group? | ―COOH
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| Which of the following is an amino group? | ―NH2
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| Which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is false? | Monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.
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| What is the general function of enzymes within a cell? | to speed up chemical reactions
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| The storage form of carbohydrates is ________ in animals and ________ in plants. | glycogen . . . starch
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| Fatty acids are | hydrophobic.
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| Proteins differ from one another because | the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.
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| Which of the following statements about enzymes is false? | They are monomers used to build proteins.
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| The cells that produce hair contain a lot of ________, while the cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of ________. | rough endoplasmic reticulum . . . smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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| A woman is having trouble becoming pregnant. Examination of her partner's sperm indicates that dynein feet are missing from the flagella in his sperm cells. A physician explains that this could interfere with fertility by | preventing the sperm from swimming to the egg cell.
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| Which of the following statements about cells is true? | All cells have internal structures that move.
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| The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines | cell theory.
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| Plasma membranes are permeable to | nonpolar molecules such as CO2.
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| Which of the following structures is exclusively associated with prokaryotic cells? | nucleoid
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| Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ________ and ________. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have ________. | chloroplasts . . . cell walls . . . centrioles
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| The nucleus of a cell | contains DNA.
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| During cell reproduction, chromatin fibers coil up into structures called | chromosomes.
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| Which location in the cell is unlikely to contain ribosomes or ribosomal subunits? | plasma membrane
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| The endomembrane system includes all of the following organelles except the | peroxisome.
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | stores calcium ions in muscle cells.
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| The Golgi apparatus | stores, modifies, and packages proteins.
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| The function of mitochondria is | cellular respiration.
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| The function of chloroplasts is | photosynthesis.
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| The stroma is the | thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane.
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| Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria | contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grana.
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| Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments | are mainly composed of actin, whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin.
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| Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false? | Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place.
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| Cilia differ from flagella in that | cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella.
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| Most animal cells are | embedded in an extracellular matrix.
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| Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? | Na+
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| Which of the following statements is true among all types of passive transport? | The concentration gradient is the driving force.
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| A hypotonic cell | explodes
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| The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of | diverse proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.
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| Most of the functions of a cell membrane, including transport and enzymatic function, are performed by | proteins.
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| Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that | the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
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| Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane by | passive transport.
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| Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of | passive transport.
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| Osmosis can be defined as | the diffusion of water.
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| A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution must be | isotonic to its environment.
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| Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient? | active transport
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| Phagocytosis is to eating as pinocytosis is to | drinking.
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| The active site of an enzyme is | the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate.
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| Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? | Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.
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| Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________. | is gas exchange . . . produces ATP
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| The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is | lost in the form of heat.
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| Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? | Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
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| Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? | energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide
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| The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
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| The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to | a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
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| Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? | glycolysis
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| As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs. | 2
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| After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle, | pyruvate is oxidized.
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| Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? | aerobic respiration
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| Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. | chemical . . . food . . . light
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| Plant cells | have mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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| The thylakoid membrane is | the membrane that surrounds the stack of "cookies"
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| What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms? | autotrophs
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| What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? | light
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| Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false? | ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during cellular respiration.
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| The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________. | thylakoid membranes . . . stroma
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| Why are most plants green? | Chlorophyll a reflects green light.
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| Which of the following features likely accounts for the difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis? | Plant cells have cell walls.
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| A plant cell in telophase | Has a cell wall and have 2 distinct cells forming
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| Which of the following statements regarding cell division is false? | Cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes.
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| Sister chromatids are | joined together at a centromere.
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| Which of the following occurs during interphase? | cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes
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| Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase? | interphase
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| The genetic material is duplicated during | the S phase.
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| The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called | cytokinesis.
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| The phase of mitosis during which the mitotic spindle begins to form is | prophase.
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| During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles? | metaphase
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| At the start of mitotic anaphase, | the centromeres of each chromosome come apart.
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| During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form? | telophase
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| Which of the following statements regarding the function of mitosis is false? | Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity.
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| Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is false? | Mitosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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| Of the following wavelengths of light, which would you expect to be reflected or transmitted by chlorophyll a? | green
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| Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle? | glucose, ADP, NADP+
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| Which of the following is part of the light reaction? | formation of waste products in the form of O2
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| Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? | ATP, NADPH, O2
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