chapter 14
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| anatomy | the structure of the body
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| physiology | the function of the body
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| pathology | the study of disease, which causes abnormal changes in the structure or function of body tissues and organs
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| what are the 6 levels of structural organization of the human body | chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
systemic level
body as a whole
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| cells | the smallest units of all living things
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| what are the 3 main parts of a cell | plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
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| what are the 4 main types of tissues | epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
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| function of epithelial tissues | to protect the underlying tissue
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| function of connective tissue | to hold together tissues and organs; also makes up the structure of bone, cartilage, and fat
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| function of muscle tissue | functions to produce movement
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| function of nervous tissue | functions to conduct electric impulses, providing rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions
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| the largest and most complex units of the body | the organs
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| how many major organ systems are there? | 11
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| what are the 11 major organ systems? | integumentary
muscular
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
skeletal
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| what is the integumentary systeme | the skin
ALSO INCLUDES: hair, teeth, and nails
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| what is the muscular system | consists of voluntary muscles, which control the movements of the skeleton and are under conscious control, AND involuntary muscles, which function to produce movements of organs.
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| what is the nervous system | consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves
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| what is included in the CNS (central nervous system)? | the brain and spinal cord
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| what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ? | the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the PNS
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| what is the FUNCTION of the nervous system? | communication, integration, and control of body functions, and recognition of stimuli
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| what is a stimuli? | an agent that "stimulates" such as light, heat, pressure, and sound.
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| what makes up the endocrine system? | glands that secret special chemicals called hormones
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| the circulatory system is aka what? | the cardiovascular system
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| what makes up the circulatory system? | the heart and the blood vessels
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| what are the 3 types of blood vessels? | arteries
veins
capillaries
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| what is the function of an artery? | to carry blood AWAY from the heart
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| what is the function of a vein? | to carry blood BACK to the heart
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| what is the function of a capillary? | to provide oxygen and nutrition to the cells
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| what is the function of the heart? | to provide a pumping action to keep blood flowing throughout the circulatory system.
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| what is the function of the lymphatic system? | to provide the fluid called lymph that surrounds the cells and serves to move fluid and certain large molecules from the cells to the circulatory
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| what does the lymphatic system consist of? | lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, tonsils, and the thymus gland
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| what is the function of the respiratory system? | to transfer oxygen from the air to the blood
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| what does the respiratory system consist of? | breathing passages of the body;
nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs
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| what is the function of the digestive system? | to move and digest the food that we eat
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| what is contained in the digestive system? | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal
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| what is the function of the urinary system? | to eliminate the excess fluid and the waste products of cellular activity from the body
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| what is contained in the urinary system? | kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
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| what is the reproductive system? | functions to provide survival of the human race,
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| what does the reproductive system consist of? | male: scrotum, and penis, and internal testesvulva, vagina, and internally the eovaries
female:
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| what is the function of the skeletal system? | to provide a rigid frame work for the body
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| how many bones in the skeletal system? | 206
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| what is contained in the skeletal system? | 206 bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
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