Pre-AP English - Syntax - the art of the sentence
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Declarative sentence | makes a statement | The assignment is due tomorrow.
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| Imperative sentence | gives a command | Hand it in now. Stop.
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| Interrogative sentence | asks a question | Do you know the man?
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| Exclamatory sentence | makes an exclamation | The monster is attacking!
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| Telegraphic sentence | shorter than 5 words | “And the war came.” or "Conflict subsides."
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| Long and Involved sentence | thirty words or more in length | After many useless attempts, we went back to the car and left the city by a road lined with cypresses but without any signs, and an old woman tending geese told us with precision where the castle was located.
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| Simple sentence | contains 1 independent clauses | The actors and the musicians bowed to the audience.
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| Compound-complex sentence | contains 2 or more independent clauses and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses | The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores.
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| Loose sentence | main clause comes first followed by dependent gramitical units | James slowly rose from his seat with a sly smile, determined to show the class that he could for once, answer the instructor's question.
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| Periodic sentence | main clause is held until the end | Delighted by James's resolve, the class and the instructor burst into applause.
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| Hypotactic sentence | connecting words between clauses or sentences, showing the logical or other relationships between them | I am tired because I am hot. We're bored because we are in English class.
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| Paratactic sentence | simply juxtaposes clauses or sentences | I am tired: it is hot. I am tired: it is first period. I am hungry: I skipped breakfast.
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| Juxtaposition | unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are places next to one another (poetic or rhetorical device), form of contrast | The magnificence of the destruction was cast upon the serene faces. It was a beautiful disaster.
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| Antithesis | parallels in sharp contrast | I consider it nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery. It's a matter of life and death. I am neither tall nor small.
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| Onomatopoeia | a word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing. Like meow, bang, or growl. | The sandbag fell to the floor with a loud thud.
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| Rhetorical question | a question that expects no answer, used for effect, emphasis, or provocation | How many times do I have to tell you to stop walking into the house with mud on your shoes? Are you kidding me?
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| Asyndeton | absence of conjunctions | Alexander and the terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day.
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| Polysyndeton | too many conjunctions | When you are old and gray and full of sleep, and nodding by the fire, takedown this book.
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| Ellipsis | indicate words or ideas left out using 3 a row of three full stops (...) | "As Aureliano Buendia...he remembered when his father..."
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| Anaphora | repitition device where same expression is repeated at the beginning of 2 or more lines, clauses, or sentences | As I ebb'd with the ocean of life, As I wended the shores I know, As I walked where the ripples continually wash...
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| Epistrophe | repetition device in which the same word(s) or expression is repeated at the end of lines. | For truth is one, and right is ever one.
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| Inversion | putting verb before the subject or object before the subject | Not a single word did she say. On no account should you be absent from your seminars.
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| Antimetabole | fancy term for inversion, purpose is more poetic, creates rhythm | Nor fierce Othello in so loud a strain, Roar d'for the handkerchief that cans'd him pain. In which a great goose feather grew, Of things that I never knew.
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| Appositive | renames subject | Ms. Mc-Sully, your teacher, dances like Michael Jackson, the pop star. Early that day, August 7th, I went to the zoo.
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| Rhetorical shift | words like but, yet, now and then often indicate a change in tone, mood, effect, or meaning | The dog was hungry, yet now he is stuffed.
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| Parenthesis | explanatory remark thrown into the body of a statement, separated by commas, dashes or brackets (all called parenthesis) | A dog (not a cat) is an animal that barks. Karl, a great singer, was not a good dancer.
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| Compound sentence | Contains 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction, or by a semicolon. | The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores.
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