Concepts of Radiographic Image Quality
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show | the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from another
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show | ability to image small objects that have high subject contrasts (ex. bone/tissue)
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show | ability to distinguish anatomic structure with similar subject contrast. (ex. kidneys/liver)
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Recorded detail | show 🗑
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show | ability to visualize recorded detail when contrast/density are optimal.
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Noise | show 🗑
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film graininess | show 🗑
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show | randomness in distribution and size of phosphors in the intensifying screen
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show | randomness with which xray photons interact with Ir.
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things to reduce quantum mottle: | show 🗑
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Speed | show 🗑
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Fast IR has which characteristics? | show 🗑
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Slow IR has which characteristics? | show 🗑
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show | the study of the relationship between xray intensity and blackness on a processed radiograph.
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show | underexposed or low exposure. Appears White.
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Shoulder portion of characteristic curve | show 🗑
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Straight line portion of characteristic curve | show 🗑
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Optical Density | show 🗑
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show | .25-2.5
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show | the differences in adjacent densities
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show | large differences in OD; black and white image
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show | small differences in OD; lots of grey shades.
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show | the range of exposures over which an IR responds.
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show | more horizontal, low contrast, long scale, many shades of grey. More room for technique
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show | more vertical, high contrast, short scale, black and white. Less room for technique.
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show | faster speed, increased fog, lowers contrast
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show | images on radiograph are larger than the object
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The reduce magnification we: | show 🗑
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show | Image Size/ Object Size = SID/ SOD
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show | unequal magnification of different portions of the same object.
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Elongation | show 🗑
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show | object appear shorter than it really is. Caused by angling the object/part.
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Focal Spot Blur is greatest on which side? | show 🗑
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What 3 things contribute to FSB? | show 🗑
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Focal Spot Blur Formula | show 🗑
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show | inc SID, dec. OID, use small FSS.
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show | Patient Thickness, tissue mass density, atomic number, object shape, and kVp
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Motion Blur | show 🗑
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show | short exposure time, restraining devices, large SID, small OID
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show | kVp, field/film size, and part/patient thickness.
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show | more matter
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show | increase scatter, increase density, decrease contrast, and decrease patient dose.
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show | increase scatter, increase density, dec. contrast, and increase patient dose.
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Increase in part thickness will do what to scatter, density, contrast and patient dose? | show 🗑
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For every change in thickness of 4cm we must adjust mAs how? | show 🗑
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show | reduce patient dose and increase contrast.
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show | beam restricting devices and grids
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show | .5 mm Al Eq
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show | 1.5. mm Al Eq
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what is the total filtration for xray tubes operating at kVp of >70 kVp? | show 🗑
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What is the purpose of a grid? | show 🗑
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Where is the grid placed? | show 🗑
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show | when a body part exceeds 4 in. or if the kVp is greater than 60.
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Grid Ratio Formula | show 🗑
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show | Increase the scatter clean up
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Grid Frequency | show 🗑
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Gride Frequency Formula | show 🗑
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show | Increases ability to remove scatter and makes contrast better.
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Contrast Improvement Factor | show 🗑
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Contrast Improvement Factor formula: | show 🗑
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show | how much an increase in technique will be required compared to a non-grid exposure
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show | incident remnant radiation/ transmitted radiation forming image.
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Increase in bucky factor will mean what for technique and patient dose? | show 🗑
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show | higher the bucky factor
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t/f? high ratio grids have less positioning latitude than low ratio grids? | show 🗑
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Off level grid error | show 🗑
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show | cutoff across entire image. CR isn't perpendicular to the center of the grid
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Off Focus grid error | show 🗑
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show | cutoff towards the edge. When the grid is place upside down.
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show | air gap technique.
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what is the conversion factor for a 5:1 grid? | show 🗑
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show | 1
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what is the conversion factor for a 16:1 grid? | show 🗑
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what is the conversion factor for a 10:1 grid? | show 🗑
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what is the conversion factor for a 12:1 grid? | show 🗑
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show | 4
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what is the conversion factor of a 6:1 grid? | show 🗑
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show | base, emulsion, adhesive layer, and overcoat
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show | foundation of xray film. Provides structure
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Emulsion of film | show 🗑
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Adhesive layer of film | show 🗑
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Overcoat of film | show 🗑
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What is the emulsion of film composed of? | show 🗑
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show | tabular, cubic, octahedral, polyhedral or irregular.
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show | the number and size of the crystals
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show | the number of crystals, size of crystals and emulsion.
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show | when light is emitted by an intensifying screen and it exposes the adjacent emulsion as well as on the emulsion on the other side of the base.
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show | Calcium tungstate/rare earth phosphors. Amber safelight
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show | rare earth and red safelight.
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show | increase fog; decrease contrast
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show | lower than 68 deg. F
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optimal humidity for storage of film? | show 🗑
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optimal storage for film | show 🗑
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shelf life of film | show 🗑
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show | invisible image, present after exposure.
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Manifest image | show 🗑
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show | The xray/light photon interacts with a halide. (Br or I)and produces a photoelectron.
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show | The photoelectron migrates to the sensitivity center and becomes trapped.
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Step 3 of latent image formation in film | show 🗑
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Step 4 of latent image formation in film | show 🗑
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What are the 4 lays of intensifying screens? | show 🗑
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show | layer closest to the film. It makes the screen resistant to damage from handling. Eliminates static build up and provides a durable/cleanable base.
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Phosphor layer of an IS | show 🗑
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show | less pt. dose, decreased thermal stress on tube and less shielding for xray rooms.
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Reflective Layer of IS | show 🗑
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How is light emitted from an IS? | show 🗑
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show | mechanical support for phosphor layer. Made from polyester.
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Luminescence | show 🗑
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What are the two types of luminescence? | show 🗑
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Fluorescence | show 🗑
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show | phosphor continues to glow after stimulation. Undesirable
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Screen Speed | show 🗑
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show | Exposure required without screen/ exposure required with screen
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Relative Screen Speed (RSS) | show 🗑
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show | RSS1/RSS2 = mAs2/mAs1
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show | fast screen speed, high kVp, low mAs. but we use these techniques because it will create lower patient dose.
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show | the percent of xrays absorbed by the screen.
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Conversion Efficiency (CE) | show 🗑
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show | the process of latent image to manifest image. Changes silver ions of exposed crystals into metallic silver.
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Reduction | show 🗑
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Oxidation | show 🗑
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show | 7
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What do developing/producing agents do in developer | show 🗑
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show | maintains the developer in Alkaline State. Controls the pH. Causes the emulsion to swell.
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show | Restricts the action of the developer to act only on crystals that have been exposed.
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What does the Preservative do in developer? | show 🗑
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What does the Hardener do in developer? | show 🗑
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show | removes metallic impurities or soluble salts that act to accelerate oxidation of hydroquinone.
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What does the Solvent do in developer? | show 🗑
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Chemical fog is because of? | show 🗑
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show | unintentional exposure to radiation
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How many components are in the Fixer? | show 🗑
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show | neutralizes the developer and stops it.
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show | removed undeveloped and unexposed silver halide crystals.
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show | stiffens and shrinks emulsion
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show | Maintains chemical balance of the fixer?
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What does the Buffer do in fixer? | show 🗑
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What does the Sequestering Agent do in fixer? | show 🗑
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show | dissolves other chemicals
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show | Wetting, Development, Fixing, Washing, and Drying
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show | 95 degrees
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show | 90 degrees
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What 3 things make up the transport system? | show 🗑
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What 3 things make up the roller subasembly? | show 🗑
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What 4 things make up the transport rack subassembly? | show 🗑
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show | kVp and mAs
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What are secondary factors that control quantity and quality? | show 🗑
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What does kVp control? | show 🗑
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show | quantity.
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What does time control? | show 🗑
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show | quantity
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What does distance control? | show 🗑
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show | when you want more detail, and smaller anatomy, because it increases patient dose.
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show | .5 mm Al Eq
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how much of total filtration is from the variable aperature diaphragm? | show 🗑
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How much of total filtration is from added filtration? | show 🗑
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Sthenic body habitus | show 🗑
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Hyposthenic body habitus | show 🗑
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Hypersthenic body habitus | show 🗑
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show | small, but frail
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show | Decrease technique because they make the part more radiolucent.
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show | Increase technique because they make the part more radiopaque.
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show | mAs- main
distance- secondary
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show | mAs changes by 30%
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show | kVp
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show | increase kVp by 5% must decrease mAs by 30% for a perceptible change on film.
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show | focal spot size
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show | kVp and mAs
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What does a variable kVp do? | show 🗑
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show | uses variable mAs and kVp stays constant. Long scale of contrast, decrease in patient dose.
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show | ionization chamber and phototimer
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show | lies beneath the IR
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Ionization chamber | show 🗑
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