Concepts of Radiographic Image Quality
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| Resolution | show 🗑
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| show | ability to image small objects that have high subject contrasts (ex. bone/tissue)
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| contrast resolution | show 🗑
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| show | the degree of sharpness of structural lines on a radiograph
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| visibility of detail | show 🗑
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| show | undesirable fluctuation in optical density of the image
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| film graininess | show 🗑
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| show | randomness in distribution and size of phosphors in the intensifying screen
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| show | randomness with which xray photons interact with Ir.
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| show | slow speed screen, high mAs, low kVp BUT this will all add to increased patient dose
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| Speed | show 🗑
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| Fast IR has which characteristics? | show 🗑
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| Slow IR has which characteristics? | show 🗑
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| show | the study of the relationship between xray intensity and blackness on a processed radiograph.
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| Toe side of characteristic curve | show 🗑
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| Shoulder portion of characteristic curve | show 🗑
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| show | diagnostic range.
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| show | degree of blackening on the image.
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| show | .25-2.5
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| Contrast | show 🗑
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| show | large differences in OD; black and white image
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| show | small differences in OD; lots of grey shades.
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| Latitude | show 🗑
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| show | more horizontal, low contrast, long scale, many shades of grey. More room for technique
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| Narrow latitude: | show 🗑
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| What will longer development/ higher development temperature do to the image? | show 🗑
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| show | images on radiograph are larger than the object
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| show | inc. SID; dec. OID
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| Magnification Factor Formula | show 🗑
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| show | unequal magnification of different portions of the same object.
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| Elongation | show 🗑
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| show | object appear shorter than it really is. Caused by angling the object/part.
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| show | Cathode side
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| What 3 things contribute to FSB? | show 🗑
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| Focal Spot Blur Formula | show 🗑
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| show | inc SID, dec. OID, use small FSS.
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| What are the 5 factors that affect subject contrast? | show 🗑
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| Motion Blur | show 🗑
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| 4 Things to reduce motion blur | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 things that primarily effect scatter? | show 🗑
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| show | more matter
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| Increasing kVp will do what to scatter, density, contrast and patient dose? | show 🗑
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| show | increase scatter, increase density, dec. contrast, and increase patient dose.
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| show | increase scatter, decrease density, decrease contrast and increase patient dose.
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| show | by a factor of 2
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| show | reduce patient dose and increase contrast.
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| What are the two devices that reduce the amount of scatter reaching the film? | show 🗑
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| What is the total filtration for xray tubes operating at a kVp of <50 kVp? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.5. mm Al Eq
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| show | 2.5 mm Al Eq
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| show | To reduce the amount of scatter reaching the IR
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| Where is the grid placed? | show 🗑
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| When do we use grids? | show 🗑
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| show | h/D- height of grid/ thickness of interspace material or distance between lead strips.
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| A higher grid ratio will do what for scatter clean up? | show 🗑
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| Grid Frequency | show 🗑
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| Gride Frequency Formula | show 🗑
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| As the lead content of the grid increases what happens to the ability of the grid to remove scatter and what happens to contrast? | show 🗑
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| Contrast Improvement Factor | show 🗑
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| Contrast Improvement Factor formula: | show 🗑
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| show | how much an increase in technique will be required compared to a non-grid exposure
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| Bucky Factor formula | show 🗑
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| Increase in bucky factor will mean what for technique and patient dose? | show 🗑
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| high the grid ratio means what for bucky factor? | show 🗑
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| t/f? high ratio grids have less positioning latitude than low ratio grids? | show 🗑
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| Off level grid error | show 🗑
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| show | cutoff across entire image. CR isn't perpendicular to the center of the grid
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| show | cutoff towards the edge of the image. When the grid is used with an SID out of focal range
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| show | cutoff towards the edge. When the grid is place upside down.
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| show | air gap technique.
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| show | 2
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| what is the conversion factor for no grid? | show 🗑
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| show | 6
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| what is the conversion factor for a 10:1 grid? | show 🗑
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| show | 5
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| show | 4
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| show | 3
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| show | base, emulsion, adhesive layer, and overcoat
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| Base of film | show 🗑
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| Emulsion of film | show 🗑
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| show | lies between the emulsion and base
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| show | encloses the gelatin in the emulsion and protects the entire film from damage
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| show | mixture of gelatin and silver-halide crystals
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| show | tabular, cubic, octahedral, polyhedral or irregular.
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| What is film contrast affected by? | show 🗑
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| What is the film speed affected by? | show 🗑
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| Crossover | show 🗑
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| Blue sensitive film is made of what and goes with which light? | show 🗑
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| Green sensitive film is made of what and goes with which light? | show 🗑
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| show | increase fog; decrease contrast
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| show | lower than 68 deg. F
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| show | 40-60%
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| optimal storage for film | show 🗑
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| show | 30-45 days
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| Latent Image | show 🗑
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| show | visible image, occurs after image is processed.
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| Step 1 of latent image formation in film | show 🗑
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| Step 2 of latent image formation in film | show 🗑
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| Step 3 of latent image formation in film | show 🗑
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| Step 4 of latent image formation in film | show 🗑
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| show | protective coating, phosphor layer, reflective layer and base.
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| Where does the protective layer in an IS lie and what does it do? | show 🗑
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| show | active layer that emits light when stimulated by xrays. Composed of calcium tungstate and rare earth phosphors
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| Why dowe use rare earth phosphors? | show 🗑
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| Reflective Layer of IS | show 🗑
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| show | isotropically
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| show | mechanical support for phosphor layer. Made from polyester.
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| show | any material that emits light in response to outside stimulation
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| show | fluorescence and phosphorescence
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| show | when visible light is emitted only when a phosphor is stimulated. Desirable
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| show | phosphor continues to glow after stimulation. Undesirable
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| Screen Speed | show 🗑
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| show | Exposure required without screen/ exposure required with screen
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| show | value given based on the amount of light produced for a given exposure.
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| show | RSS1/RSS2 = mAs2/mAs1
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| show | fast screen speed, high kVp, low mAs. but we use these techniques because it will create lower patient dose.
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| show | the percent of xrays absorbed by the screen.
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| show | the amount of light emitted for each xray absorbed.
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| Development | show 🗑
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| show | process by which an electron is give up by a chemical to neutralize a positive ion.
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| Oxidation | show 🗑
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| How many components does the developer contain? | show 🗑
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| show | produce the electron that neutralizes the silver ion to make silver.
Hydroquinone & Phenidone
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| What does Buffering Agent/ Activator do in developer? | show 🗑
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| show | Restricts the action of the developer to act only on crystals that have been exposed.
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| show | Controls oxidation of the developing agent by air.
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| What does the Hardener do in developer? | show 🗑
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| What does the Sequestering Agent do in developer? | show 🗑
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| What does the Solvent do in developer? | show 🗑
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| Chemical fog is because of? | show 🗑
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| show | unintentional exposure to radiation
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| show | 7
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| show | neutralizes the developer and stops it.
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| What does the Fixing Agent do in fixer? | show 🗑
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| What does the Hardener do in fixer? | show 🗑
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| What does the Preservative do in fixer? | show 🗑
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| What does the Buffer do in fixer? | show 🗑
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| show | removes aluminum impurities
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| show | dissolves other chemicals
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| show | Wetting, Development, Fixing, Washing, and Drying
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| show | 95 degrees
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| show | 90 degrees
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| What 3 things make up the transport system? | show 🗑
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| What 3 things make up the roller subasembly? | show 🗑
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| What 4 things make up the transport rack subassembly? | show 🗑
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| show | kVp and mAs
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| show | Focal spot size, SID, filtration
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| What does kVp control? | show 🗑
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| What does mA control? | show 🗑
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| What does time control? | show 🗑
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| What does mAs control? | show 🗑
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| show | quantity
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| When do you use a small focal spot size? | show 🗑
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| How much of total filtration is inherent? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 mm Al Eq
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| How much of total filtration is from added filtration? | show 🗑
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| Sthenic body habitus | show 🗑
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| show | thin, but healthy
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| Hypersthenic body habitus | show 🗑
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| show | small, but frail
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| show | Decrease technique because they make the part more radiolucent.
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| What will additive pathologies do to technique? | show 🗑
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| show | mAs- main
distance- secondary
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| What must we do to make a perceptible change in density? | show 🗑
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| show | kVp
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| show | increase kVp by 5% must decrease mAs by 30% for a perceptible change on film.
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| What is image detail (spatial resolution) controlled by? | show 🗑
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| What is contrast resolution controlled by? | show 🗑
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| show | uses a fixed mAs. Short scale, high patient dose, low exposure latitude
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| show | uses variable mAs and kVp stays constant. Long scale of contrast, decrease in patient dose.
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| what are the 2 types of AEC? | show 🗑
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| Phototimer | show 🗑
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| Ionization chamber | show 🗑
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