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Concepts of Radiographic Image Quality

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from another  
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show ability to image small objects that have high subject contrasts (ex. bone/tissue)  
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show ability to distinguish anatomic structure with similar subject contrast. (ex. kidneys/liver)  
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Recorded detail   show
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show ability to visualize recorded detail when contrast/density are optimal.  
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Noise   show
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film graininess   show
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show randomness in distribution and size of phosphors in the intensifying screen  
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show randomness with which xray photons interact with Ir.  
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things to reduce quantum mottle:   show
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Speed   show
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Fast IR has which characteristics?   show
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Slow IR has which characteristics?   show
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show the study of the relationship between xray intensity and blackness on a processed radiograph.  
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show underexposed or low exposure. Appears White.  
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Shoulder portion of characteristic curve   show
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Straight line portion of characteristic curve   show
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Optical Density   show
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show .25-2.5  
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show the differences in adjacent densities  
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show large differences in OD; black and white image  
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show small differences in OD; lots of grey shades.  
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show the range of exposures over which an IR responds.  
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show more horizontal, low contrast, long scale, many shades of grey. More room for technique  
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show more vertical, high contrast, short scale, black and white. Less room for technique.  
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show faster speed, increased fog, lowers contrast  
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show images on radiograph are larger than the object  
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The reduce magnification we:   show
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show Image Size/ Object Size = SID/ SOD  
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show unequal magnification of different portions of the same object.  
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Elongation   show
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show object appear shorter than it really is. Caused by angling the object/part.  
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Focal Spot Blur is greatest on which side?   show
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What 3 things contribute to FSB?   show
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Focal Spot Blur Formula   show
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show inc SID, dec. OID, use small FSS.  
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show Patient Thickness, tissue mass density, atomic number, object shape, and kVp  
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Motion Blur   show
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show short exposure time, restraining devices, large SID, small OID  
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show kVp, field/film size, and part/patient thickness.  
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show more matter  
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show increase scatter, increase density, decrease contrast, and decrease patient dose.  
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show increase scatter, increase density, dec. contrast, and increase patient dose.  
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Increase in part thickness will do what to scatter, density, contrast and patient dose?   show
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For every change in thickness of 4cm we must adjust mAs how?   show
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show reduce patient dose and increase contrast.  
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show beam restricting devices and grids  
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show .5 mm Al Eq  
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show 1.5. mm Al Eq  
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what is the total filtration for xray tubes operating at kVp of >70 kVp?   show
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What is the purpose of a grid?   show
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Where is the grid placed?   show
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show when a body part exceeds 4 in. or if the kVp is greater than 60.  
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Grid Ratio Formula   show
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show Increase the scatter clean up  
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Grid Frequency   show
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Gride Frequency Formula   show
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show Increases ability to remove scatter and makes contrast better.  
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Contrast Improvement Factor   show
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Contrast Improvement Factor formula:   show
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show how much an increase in technique will be required compared to a non-grid exposure  
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show incident remnant radiation/ transmitted radiation forming image.  
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Increase in bucky factor will mean what for technique and patient dose?   show
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show higher the bucky factor  
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t/f? high ratio grids have less positioning latitude than low ratio grids?   show
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Off level grid error   show
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show cutoff across entire image. CR isn't perpendicular to the center of the grid  
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Off Focus grid error   show
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show cutoff towards the edge. When the grid is place upside down.  
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show air gap technique.  
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what is the conversion factor for a 5:1 grid?   show
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show 1  
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what is the conversion factor for a 16:1 grid?   show
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what is the conversion factor for a 10:1 grid?   show
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what is the conversion factor for a 12:1 grid?   show
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show 4  
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what is the conversion factor of a 6:1 grid?   show
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show base, emulsion, adhesive layer, and overcoat  
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show foundation of xray film. Provides structure  
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Emulsion of film   show
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Adhesive layer of film   show
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Overcoat of film   show
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What is the emulsion of film composed of?   show
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show tabular, cubic, octahedral, polyhedral or irregular.  
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show the number and size of the crystals  
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show the number of crystals, size of crystals and emulsion.  
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show when light is emitted by an intensifying screen and it exposes the adjacent emulsion as well as on the emulsion on the other side of the base.  
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show Calcium tungstate/rare earth phosphors. Amber safelight  
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show rare earth and red safelight.  
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show increase fog; decrease contrast  
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show lower than 68 deg. F  
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optimal humidity for storage of film?   show
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optimal storage for film   show
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shelf life of film   show
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show invisible image, present after exposure.  
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Manifest image   show
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show The xray/light photon interacts with a halide. (Br or I)and produces a photoelectron.  
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show The photoelectron migrates to the sensitivity center and becomes trapped.  
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Step 3 of latent image formation in film   show
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Step 4 of latent image formation in film   show
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What are the 4 lays of intensifying screens?   show
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show layer closest to the film. It makes the screen resistant to damage from handling. Eliminates static build up and provides a durable/cleanable base.  
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Phosphor layer of an IS   show
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show less pt. dose, decreased thermal stress on tube and less shielding for xray rooms.  
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Reflective Layer of IS   show
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How is light emitted from an IS?   show
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show mechanical support for phosphor layer. Made from polyester.  
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Luminescence   show
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What are the two types of luminescence?   show
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Fluorescence   show
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show phosphor continues to glow after stimulation. Undesirable  
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Screen Speed   show
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show Exposure required without screen/ exposure required with screen  
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Relative Screen Speed (RSS)   show
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show RSS1/RSS2 = mAs2/mAs1  
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show fast screen speed, high kVp, low mAs. but we use these techniques because it will create lower patient dose.  
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show the percent of xrays absorbed by the screen.  
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Conversion Efficiency (CE)   show
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show the process of latent image to manifest image. Changes silver ions of exposed crystals into metallic silver.  
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Reduction   show
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Oxidation   show
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show 7  
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What do developing/producing agents do in developer   show
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show maintains the developer in Alkaline State. Controls the pH. Causes the emulsion to swell.  
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show Restricts the action of the developer to act only on crystals that have been exposed.  
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What does the Preservative do in developer?   show
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What does the Hardener do in developer?   show
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show removes metallic impurities or soluble salts that act to accelerate oxidation of hydroquinone.  
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What does the Solvent do in developer?   show
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Chemical fog is because of?   show
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show unintentional exposure to radiation  
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How many components are in the Fixer?   show
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show neutralizes the developer and stops it.  
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show removed undeveloped and unexposed silver halide crystals.  
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show stiffens and shrinks emulsion  
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show Maintains chemical balance of the fixer?  
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What does the Buffer do in fixer?   show
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What does the Sequestering Agent do in fixer?   show
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show dissolves other chemicals  
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show Wetting, Development, Fixing, Washing, and Drying  
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show 95 degrees  
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show 90 degrees  
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What 3 things make up the transport system?   show
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What 3 things make up the roller subasembly?   show
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What 4 things make up the transport rack subassembly?   show
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show kVp and mAs  
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What are secondary factors that control quantity and quality?   show
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What does kVp control?   show
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show quantity.  
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What does time control?   show
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show quantity  
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What does distance control?   show
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show when you want more detail, and smaller anatomy, because it increases patient dose.  
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show .5 mm Al Eq  
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how much of total filtration is from the variable aperature diaphragm?   show
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How much of total filtration is from added filtration?   show
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Sthenic body habitus   show
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Hyposthenic body habitus   show
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Hypersthenic body habitus   show
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show small, but frail  
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show Decrease technique because they make the part more radiolucent.  
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show Increase technique because they make the part more radiopaque.  
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show mAs- main distance- secondary  
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show mAs changes by 30%  
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show kVp  
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show increase kVp by 5% must decrease mAs by 30% for a perceptible change on film.  
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show focal spot size  
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show kVp and mAs  
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What does a variable kVp do?   show
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show uses variable mAs and kVp stays constant. Long scale of contrast, decrease in patient dose.  
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show ionization chamber and phototimer  
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show lies beneath the IR  
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Ionization chamber   show
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