nursing 255 test 4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| the breast lie | anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
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| just below the center of each breast | is the nipple
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| the nipple surrounds the | areola for a 1- to 2-centimeter radius
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| Montgomery’s glands secrete a | protective lipid material during lactation
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| the superior lateral corner of the breast tissue is called | the axillary tail of spence
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| The breast is composed of | glandular, fibrous, and adipose tissue.
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| The glandular tissue contains 15 to 20 | lobes that radiate from the nipple and are composed of lobules.
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| Each lobe in the breast empties | into a lactiferous duct
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| collecting duct system converging toward the nipple | lactiferous duct
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| lactiferous duct that carries milk to | the lactiferous sinuses,
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| stores milk behind the nipple | lactiferous sinuses
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| fibrous tissue includes | Cooper’s ligaments that support the breast tissue
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| fibrous bands extending vertically from the surface to attach on chest wall muscles | cooper's ligaments
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| Adipose tissue houses the | lobes and provides most of the bulk of the breast
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| central axillary nodes are | high in the middle of the axilla.
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| pectoral (or anterior) nodes lie along the | lateral edge of the pectoralis major muscle.
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| subscapular (or posterior) nodes are found along the | lateral edge of the scapula.
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| lateral nodes exist along the | humerus, inside the upper arm
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| from the central axillary nodes, drainage flows | up to the infraclavicular and supreaclavicular nodes
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| supernumerary nipple | and extra nipple
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| five stages of breast development follow this classic description of sexual maturity rating or | tanner staging
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| thick, yellow fluid that is a precursor for milk | colostrum
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| begins 1-3 days postpartum | milk production
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| mastalgia occurs with | trauma, inflammation, infection and benign breast disease
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| a sudden increase in the size of one breast signifies | inflammation or new growth
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| the skin is normally | smooth and of even color
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| the nipples should be | symmetrically placed on the same plane on the two breasts
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| lymph nodes feel | small, soft, and non-tender
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| the vertical strip pattern currently is | recommended as the best way to detect a breast mass
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| heat, redness and swelling in non lactating and non-postpartum breasts indicates | inflammation
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| best time to do a self breast exam is | after the menstrual period, or the 4th through 7th day of the menstrual cycle, when breasts are the smallest
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| gynecomastia is a | benign growth of men's breast tissue
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| premature thelarche is early | breast development with no other hormone dependent signs (pubic hair, menses)
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| adolescent breast development begins on an average between | 8- 10 years of age
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| in pregnant women a delicate blue vascular | pattern is visible over the breast
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| in a pregnant woman, colostrum can be expressed | after the first trimester
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| colostrum changes to milk production | around the 3rd postpartum day
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| lymphatic obstruction produces | edema
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| edema in the breast produces and | orange peel look
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| cyst are | discrete, fluid filled sacs
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| breast lumps that are irregular, star-shaped, fixed, and firm to stony hard are | cancerous
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| breast lumps that are round, lobular, mobile, firm to soft, and rubbery are | benign breast disease
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| breast lumps that round, lobular, very mobile, usually firm and rubbery are | fibroadenoma
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| one section of the breast is tender, may be reddened with no infection could indicate a | plugged duct
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| area is red, swollen, tender, very hot and hard, an uncommon inflammatory mass before abscess formation | mastitis
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| musculoskeletal system consists of the body's | bones, joints and muscles
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| musculoskeletal system also functions to | produce the red blood cells in the bone marrow
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| non synovial joint | joints that are immovable
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| synovial joint | joints that are freely movable
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| ligaments are | fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another that strengthen the joint and help prevent movement in undesirable directions
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| bursa is an | enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid
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| a bursa helps | muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone
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| muscles account for | 40-50% of the body's weight
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| 3 types of muscles | muscles, skeletal and cardiac
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| flexion | bending limb at a joint
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| extension | straightening a limb at a joint
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| abduction | moving a limb away from midline
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| adductin | moving a limb toward midline
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| pronation | palm is down
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| supination | palm is up
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| circumduction | moving arm in a circle around the shoulder
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| inversion | moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
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| eversion | moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
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| rotation | moving the head around a central axis
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| protraction | moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground
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| retraction | moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground
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| elevation | raising the body part
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| depression | lowering the body part
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| the TMJ is the | articulation of the mandible and the temporal joint
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| humans have ___ cervical vertebrae | 7
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| humans have ___ thoracic vertebrae | 12
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| humans have ___ lumbar vertebrae | 5
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| humans have ___ sacral vertebrae | 5
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| humans have ___ coccygeal vertebrae | 3-4
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| spinous processes of C7 and T1 are | at the base of the neck,
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| Bone lengthening occurs at the | epiphyses, or growth plates.
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| the vertebral column has ___ curves | 4
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| pregnancy, the most characteristic posture change is | progressive lordosis, which adjusts the center of balance as the fetus grows.
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| intervertebral disks are | elastic fibrocartilaginous plates that constitute one fourth of the length of the column
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| glenohumeral joint is the | articulation of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
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| acromion process can be felt at the | very top of the shoulder
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| the elbow allows for | flexion and extension
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| palpable landmarks of the elbow are the | medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus and the large olecranon process of the ulna in between them
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| half of the body's bones are in the | feet and hands
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| the radiocarpal joint is the | articulation of the radius and a row of the carpal bones
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| the knee joint is the articulation of 3 bones | femur, tibia and the patella
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| largest synovial membrane in the body is the | knees synovial membrane
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| suprapatellar pouch is a | sac at the superior border of the patella
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| gradual loss of bone density is | osteoporosis
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| kyphosis is a | hunchback, is a condition of over-curvature of the thoracic vertebrae
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| Rheumatoid arthritis involves | symmetric joints and other musculoskeletal illnesses involve isolated or unilateral joints
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| RA pain is worse | in the morning
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| osteoarthritis is worse | later in the day
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| myalgia is | usually felt as cramping or aching
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| a fracture causes a | sharp pain that increases with movement
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| dislocation is a | complete loss of contact between the two bones in a joint
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| subluxation is when | two bones in a joint stay in contact but their alignment is off
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| contracture is the | shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of a joint
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| ankylosis is the | stiffness of fixation of a joint
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| inflammation is indicated by | warmth and tenderness
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| active ROM is when | the patient does the work
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| passive ROM is when | you help the patient do the work
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| crepitation is an | audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement
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| mcMurray test is to be performed when the person has reported a | history of trauma followed by locking, giving away, or local pain in the knee
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| in infants the tibial torsion is a | twisting of the tibia
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| in infants the ortolani maneuver checks the | hips for congenital dislocation
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| allis test checks for hip dislocation by | comparing leg lengths
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| genu varum is | the lateral bowing of the legs (bow legged)
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| genu valgum is | knees together
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| in adolescents kyphosis is common because of | chronic poor posture
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| screen for scoliosis in adolescents by | doing a forward bend test
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| osteoarthritis is located in the | larger joints due to normal wear and tear
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| ankylosis is when the | wrist is in extreme flexion due to severe RA
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| heberden nodes is a | bone over growth of the distal interphalangeal joint toward the wrist
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| bouchard node is a | bone over growth of the proximal interphalangeal joint towards finger tips
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| spina bifida is the | incomplete closure of posterior part of the vertebrae resulting in a neural tube defect
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| The anal canal is the | outlet of the GI tract
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| is about 3.8 cm long. | the anal canal
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| lined with modified skin that merges with rectal mucosa at the anorectal junction | The anal canal
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| The rectum contains only | autonomic nerves but numerous somatic sensory nevers are present in the anal canal and external skin, so people can feel sharp pain.
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| The internal sphincter is under | involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system.
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| The sphincters keep the anal canal | tightly closed
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| The external sphincter surrounds the | internal sphincter and is under voluntary control.
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| The intersphincteric groove separates the | internal and external sphincter and is palpable.
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| The anal columns (or columns of morgagni) are | folds of mucosa.
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| anal columns extend | vertically down from the rectum and end in the anorectal junction.
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| The anorectal junction | isn’t palpable.
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| The rectum is | 12 cm long and is the distal portion of the large intestine
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| A hemorrhoid is an | enlarged vein in the anal column
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| 3 transverse folds of the interior of the rectum | Valves of Houston
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| The peritoneum covers only | the upper 2/3’s of the rectum
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| The prostate gland lies in front of the | anterior wall of the rectum and 2 cm behind the symphysis pubis
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| The prostate gland has | 15 to 30 ducts that open into the urethra
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| The prostate secretes a | thin, milky, alkaline fluid that helps sperm viability.
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| The prostate is | 2.5 cm long and 4 cm in diameter
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| The two lobes of the prostate are | separated by a shallow groove called the median sulcus.
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| where are the seminal vesicles located on the prostate gland | on either side
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| the seminal vesicles secrete fluid that is | rich in fructose, which nourishes the sperm and contains prostaglandins
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| The bulbourethral is about the size of | a pea
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| the bulbourethral is inferior to the | prostate and secretes a clear, viscid mucus.
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| In a female, The uterine cervix lies | in front of the anterior rectal wall and may be palpated through it.
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| In an adult, The combined length of the anal canal and the rectum is | 16 cm.
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| The sigmoid colon is | 40cm long and only accessible through examination.
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| The sigmoid colon extends from the | iliac flexure of the descending colon and ends at the rectum.
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| The first stool in newborns is | dark green in color and occurs within 24-48 hours.
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| Response to eating and having a stool is called the | gastrocolic reflex.
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| Voluntary control of the anal sphincter can’t occur until the | nerve supplies have become fully myelinated.
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| BPH is an | enlarged prostate, and occurs in 1 of 10 males older than 40.
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| Dyschezia is pain due to a | local condition, hemorrhoid, fissure or constipation.
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| Black tarry stool indicates | upper GI bleeding with blood being partially digested.
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| Red blood in stools occurs with | GI bleeding or local bleeding around the anus and with anal and rectal cancer.
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| Gray, Clay color stools indicate | absent bile pigments (jaundice).
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| The anus normally looks | moist and hairless, with coarse, folded skin that is more pigmented that the perianal skin.
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| A soft, slightly movable mass may be a | polyp.
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| If a Hematest is positive it means that there is | occult blood in the stool.
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| Meconium is the | first stool that a baby passes, usually within 24-48 hours.
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| To assess a newborns anal reflex | gently stroke the anal area and note a quick contraction of the sphincter
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| The external female genitalia are called | the vulva, or pudendum.
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| The mons pubis is a | round, firm pad of adipose tissue covering the symphysis pubis.
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| The mons pubis is covered with | hair in an inverted triangle after puberty.
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| The labia majora are | two rounded folds of adipose tissue that extend down the mons pubis around the perineum.
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| Inside the labia majora are | two smaller, darker folds of skin called the labia minora.
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| labia minora join anteriorly to | form the clitoris.
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| The clitoris is a | small, pea-shaped erectile body that is sensitive to touch.
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| The urethral meatus appears | 2.5 cm posterior to the clitoris.
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| The paraurethral gland (Skene’s ) are not | visible but open posterior to the urethra at 5 an 7 o’clock.
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| The vestibular (bartholin’s) gland are | on either side and posterior to the vaginal orifice and secrete a clear lubricating mucus during intercourse.
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| The vagina is a | flattened, tubular canal extending up and backward into the pelvis.
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| The vagina is | 9 cm long and sits between the rectum posteriorly and the bladder and urethra anteriorly.
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| The os is a smooth | doughnut shaped area with a small circular hole
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| the uterus is a | pear shaped, thick-walled, muscular origin
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| the uterus is flattened and measures | 5.5 to 8 cm long by
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| two pliable, trumpet shaped tubes that are 10 cm in length | the fallopian tubes
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| are located on each side of the uterus | ovaries
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| the ovaries are | oval shaped, 3 cm long by 2 cm wide
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| serves to develop ova (eggs) and the female hormone | the ovaries
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| the first signs of puberty are | breast and pubic hair development which begins between 8 in a half to 13 yrs old
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| tanner's table is on the | 5 stages of pubic hair development
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| cervix softens is called | goodell sign
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| goodell signs start between | 4 to 6 weeks
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| vaginal mucosa and cervix looks cyanotic are | chadwicks sign
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| chadwicks sign start between | 8-12 weeks
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| isthmus of the uterus softens is known as the | hegar sign
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| hegar sign happens between | 6 to 8 weeks
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| during pregnancy the uterus increases its capacity by | 500-1000 times
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| menopause is the | cessation of menses
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| menopause usually occurs around | 48-51 years old
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| during menopause the ovaries | stop producing progesterone and estrogen
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| infibulation is known as | a female circumcision or female genital mutilation
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| invasive surgical procedure done on girls before puberty | infibulation
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| gravida is the | number of pregnancies
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| para is the | number of births
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| menstrual cycle is normally every | 18 to 45 days
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| amenorrhea is the | absents of menses
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| menstrual duration is an | average of 3 to 7 days
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| menorrhagia is known as | heavy menses
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| begin cervical cancer screening within | 3 years after first vaginal intercourse or age 21 years, continue annually until age 30.
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| in women over 30, who have had 3 consecutive normal pap tests | women may be screened every 2 to 3 years
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| urge incontinence is | involuntary urine loss from overactive detrussor muscle in bladder
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| stress incontinence is | involuntary urine loss with physical strain, sneezing, or coughing
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| toilet training begins normally between the ages of | 2 to 2 in a half
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| infertility is considered after | 1 year of engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse without conceiving
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| for pap tests a woman should be put in | lithotomy position and feet in stirrups
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| external genitalia skin tone should be | color should be even, labia minora are a darker pink
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| labia majora are normally | symmetric, plump and well formed
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| to assess the bartholins glands, palpate the | posterior parts of the labia majora with the index finger in the vagina and your thumb outside
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| normally the color of the cervix is | pink and even
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| during the 2nd month of pregnancy the color of the cervix | appears blue (chadwick's sign)
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| after menopause the color of the cervix | is pale
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| the os is | small and round in nulliparous woman ( haven't had a baby yet)
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| cervical eversion, or ectropion may occur | normally after vaginal deliveries
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| nabothian cysts are | benign growths that commonly appear on the cervix after childbirth
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| pap tests screen for | cervical cancer and not endometrial or ovarian cancer
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| acetic acid wash test screens for | asymptomatic human papillomavirus (HPV)
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| the male genital structures include the | penis and scrotum externally and the testis, epididymis and vas deferens internally
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| the penis is composed of | three cylindric columns of erectile tissue
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| the penis has | two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum
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| at the distal end of the corpus spongiosum expands into a cone of erectile tissue called the | glans
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| where the glans joins the shaft is | the corona
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| conduit for both the genital and urinary systems | urethra
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| over the glans the skin folds in and back on itself forming a hood known as | the foreskin or prepuce
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| the scrotum is a | loose protective sac
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| the cremaster muscle | controls the size of the scrotum by responding to ambient temperature.
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| the scrotum keeps the testes | 3 degrees C below abdominal temperature
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| produces sperm and is suspended vertically by a spermatic cord is a | testis
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| the main storage site of sperm is known as the | epididymis
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| the epididymis is a | comma shaped structure, curved over the top and the posterior surface of the testis
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| the vas deferens joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the | ejaculatory duct
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| the ejaculatory duct empties into | the urethra
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| the lymphatics of the penis and scrotal surface drain | into the inguinal lymph nodes
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| puberty in males begins between the ages of | 9 1/2 and 13 1/2 years
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| the first sign of puberty in males is | enlargement of the testis
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| for male puberty, stages are defined in | Tanner's sexual maturity ratings SMR
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| decreased kidney function or kidney damage lasting 3 months or longer is known as | chronic kidney disease
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| chronic kidney disease can lead to | end stage renal disease (ESRD)
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| ESRD is when | the person survives only by kidney transplant or dialysis
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| phimosis is the | narrowed opening of prepuce so cannot retract the foreskin
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| paraphimosis is the | painful constriction of glans by retracted foreskin
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| hypospadias is when | the urethral meatus opens on the ventral (under) side of the glans penis
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| epispadias is when | the urethral meatus opens on the dorsal (upper) side of the glans penis
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| scrotal swelling may be | taut and pitting, occurs with heart or renal failure or with local inflammation
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| the CNS includes the | brain and spinal cord
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| the PNS includes all the | nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord: 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and all their branches
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| sensory messages are | afferent and go TO the CNS from sensory receptors
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| motor messages are | efferent and are FROM the CNS out to muscles and glands
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| cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's | outer layer of nerve cell bodies
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| cerebral cortex looks grey because | it lacks myelin
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| myelin is the | white insulation on the axon that increases the conduction velocity of nerve impulses
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| the cerebral cortex is the center for | human's highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement
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| the left hemisphere is dominant in | most (95%) people, including those who are left-handed
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| each hemisphere is divided into | 4 lobes
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| the frontal lobe has areas concerned with | personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function
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| the parietal lobe's postcentral gyrus is | the primary center for sensation
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| the occipital lobe is | the primary visual receptor center
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| the temporal lobe behind the ear has the | primary auditory reception center with functions of hearing, taste, and smell
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| wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is associated with | language comprehension
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| broca's area in the frontal lobe mediates | motor speech
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| when the broca's area is messed up a person | cannot talk, they understand language and know what they want to say but can't find the words to say
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| the basal ganglia are the | large bands of gray matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical associated motor system
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| the thalamus is the | main relay station where the sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum and brainstem form synapses
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| the hypothalamus is a major | respiratory center with basic vital functions: temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate and BP
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| the cerebellum is a coiled structure located | under the occipital love that is concerned with motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium and muscle tone
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| the brainstem is the | central core of the brain consisting of mostly nerve fibers
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| cranial nerves 3-12 originate from | nuclei in the brainstem
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| the midbrain is the | most anterior part of the brainstem
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| the pons is an | enlarged area containing ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
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| the medulla is the | continuation of the spinal cord in the brain that contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts
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| the spinal cord is the | long, cylindric structure of nervous tissue about as big around as the little finger
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| the spinothalamic tract contains fibers | that transmit the sensations of pain, temperature and crude or light touch
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| stereognosis is where | a person can identify an object by touch without looking
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| the extrapyramidal tracts include all the | motor nerve fibers originating in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord that are outside the pyramidal tract.
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| the upper motor neurons are a | complex of all the descending motor fibers that can influence or modify the lower motor neurons
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| upper motor neurons are located | completely within the CNS
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| upper motor neuron diseases are | cerebrovascular accident, cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis
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| lower motor neurons are located | mostly in the peripheral nervous system
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| examples of lower motor neurons diseases are | spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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| a nerve is a | bundle of fibers outside the CNS
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| reflexes are basic | defense mechanisms of the nervous system
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| there are four types of reflexes | deep tendon, superficial, visceral, pathologic
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| cranial nerves enter and | exit the brain rather than the spinal cord
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| dermal segmentation is the | cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves
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| dermatome is a | circumscribed skin are that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve
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| the thumb, middle finger and fifth finger are each in the dermatomes of | C6, C7, and C8
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| the axilla is at the level of | T1
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| the nipple is at the level of | T4
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| the umbilicus is at the level of | T10
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| the groin is in the region of | L1
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| the knee is at the level of | L4
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| paresis is a | partial or incomplete paralysis
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| dysmetria is the | inability of to control the distance, power and speed of a muscular action
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| dysarthria is the | difficulty forming words
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| dysphasia is the | difficulty with language comprehension of expression
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| cranial nerve 1 is the | olfactory nerve
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| cranial nerve 2 is the | optic nerve
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| cranial nerve 3 is the | oculotmotor nerve
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| cranial nerve 4 is the | trochlear nerve
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| cranial nerve 5 is the | trigeminal nerve
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| cranial nerve 6 is the | abducens nerve
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| cranial nerve 7 is the | facial nerve
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| cranial nerve 8 is the | acoustic nerve
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| cranial nerve 9 is the | glossopharyngeal nerve
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| cranial nerve 10 is the | vagus nerve
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| cranial nerve 11 is the | spinal nerve
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| cranial nerve 12 is the | hypoglossal nerve
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| positive romberg test is a | loss of balance that occurs when closing the eyes
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|
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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