Summary of Chapter 12
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| Formulas for statistical procedures are | just basic mathematical procedures
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| first step toward analysis | involves converting behavioral responses into some numeric system or categorical organization
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| Frequency | refers to the number of times something occurs; with descriptive statistics
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| Nominal or ordinal variables | frequency count by each value is very descriptive
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| frequency | is more complicated for interval or ratio variables
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| Measures of central tendency | indices that represent a typical score among a group of scores
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| mean | arithmetic average of the scores, most frequently used measure of central tendency; appropriate for describing interval or ratio data
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| median | midpoint in a distribution; 50% of the scores are above the median, and 50% are below the median; most useful when looking at ordinal variables or data sets in which the scores vary widely over distribution
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| mode | score that is attained by more subjects than any other score (i.e., occurs most frequently); a set of course may have two or more modes; when nominal data are collected, the mode is the only appropriate measure of central tendency
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| two sets of data that are very different can have identical means or medians | creating a need for measures of variability, indices that indicate how spread out a group of scores are
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| the range | simply the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution and is determined by subtraction
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| quartile deviation | one half of the difference between the upper quartile (75th percentile) and the lower quartile (25 percentile) in a distribution
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| quartile deviation | more stable measure of variability than the rand and is appropriate whenever the median is appropriate
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| variance | defined as the amount spread among scores, if the variance is small the scores are close together, if it is large, the scores are more spread out
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| standard deviation | square root of the variance of a set of scores; it is the most stable measure of variability and takes into account every score
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| when plotted as a frequency graph a normal distribution forms a bell shape | normal curve
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| when distribution is not normal | it is said to be skewed, there are more extreme scores at one end than the other
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| negatively skewed | the extreme scores are at the lower end of the distribution
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| positively skewed | the extreme scores are at the upper or higher end of the distribution
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| percentile rank | indicates the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score
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| percentiles | are appropriate for data measured on an ordinal scale
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| standard score | reflects how many standard deviations a students score is above or below the mean
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| T score | z score transformed to eliminate pluses or minuses
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| measures of relationship | indicate the degree to which two sets of scores are related
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| degree of relationship | expressed as a correlation coefficient, which is computed from two sets of scores from a single group of participants
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| Pearson r | most appropriate measure of correlation when the sets of data to be correlated are expressed as either interval or ratio scales
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| Pearson r | not valid if the relation between variables is not linear
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| Spearman rho | appropriate measure of correlation when the variables are expressed as ranks
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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