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WGU RFC 1 ch 12
Summary of Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Formulas for statistical procedures are | just basic mathematical procedures |
| first step toward analysis | involves converting behavioral responses into some numeric system or categorical organization |
| Frequency | refers to the number of times something occurs; with descriptive statistics |
| Nominal or ordinal variables | frequency count by each value is very descriptive |
| frequency | is more complicated for interval or ratio variables |
| Measures of central tendency | indices that represent a typical score among a group of scores |
| mean | arithmetic average of the scores, most frequently used measure of central tendency; appropriate for describing interval or ratio data |
| median | midpoint in a distribution; 50% of the scores are above the median, and 50% are below the median; most useful when looking at ordinal variables or data sets in which the scores vary widely over distribution |
| mode | score that is attained by more subjects than any other score (i.e., occurs most frequently); a set of course may have two or more modes; when nominal data are collected, the mode is the only appropriate measure of central tendency |
| two sets of data that are very different can have identical means or medians | creating a need for measures of variability, indices that indicate how spread out a group of scores are |
| the range | simply the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution and is determined by subtraction |
| quartile deviation | one half of the difference between the upper quartile (75th percentile) and the lower quartile (25 percentile) in a distribution |
| quartile deviation | more stable measure of variability than the rand and is appropriate whenever the median is appropriate |
| variance | defined as the amount spread among scores, if the variance is small the scores are close together, if it is large, the scores are more spread out |
| standard deviation | square root of the variance of a set of scores; it is the most stable measure of variability and takes into account every score |
| when plotted as a frequency graph a normal distribution forms a bell shape | normal curve |
| when distribution is not normal | it is said to be skewed, there are more extreme scores at one end than the other |
| negatively skewed | the extreme scores are at the lower end of the distribution |
| positively skewed | the extreme scores are at the upper or higher end of the distribution |
| percentile rank | indicates the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score |
| percentiles | are appropriate for data measured on an ordinal scale |
| standard score | reflects how many standard deviations a students score is above or below the mean |
| T score | z score transformed to eliminate pluses or minuses |
| measures of relationship | indicate the degree to which two sets of scores are related |
| degree of relationship | expressed as a correlation coefficient, which is computed from two sets of scores from a single group of participants |
| Pearson r | most appropriate measure of correlation when the sets of data to be correlated are expressed as either interval or ratio scales |
| Pearson r | not valid if the relation between variables is not linear |
| Spearman rho | appropriate measure of correlation when the variables are expressed as ranks |
Created by:
Xyrarose
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