Nervous System
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| What is the central nervous system made up of | -Brain
-Spinal Cord
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| What is the peripheral nervous system made of | includes all of the cranial and spinal nerves
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| What are the two types of cells nervous tissue is made of | -Neurons (nerve cells)-transmit impulses and transmits info in and out
-Neuroglia-support and nourish neurons
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| Describe the cell body of a neuron | Contains nucleus and other organelles; control center of neurons
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| Describe the dendrite of a neuron | Receive signal from sensory receptors or other neurons; conducts info to cell body
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| Describe an Axon | Conducts nerve signals away from cell body
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| What is myelin | It's a lipid coating that insulates and help speed impulse conduction
Formed by Schawann cells in PNS
Formed by aligochondrocyte in CNS
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| What is a nerve | Bundle of parallel axons in the PNS
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| What is a tract | bundle of parallel axons in the CNS
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| Name and Describe the two types of neurons | Motor (efferent) neurons
-Take nerve impulse from the CNS to muscle, organs, or glands
-Multi-polar
Sensory (afferent) neurons
-Take nerve impulse from sensory receptors to the CNS
-Detects stimili
-Almost all are unipolar
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| Describe what interneurons are | -all in the CNS
-connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing pathway
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| In Impulse Conduction explain what a membrane potential is | When ions with opoosite eletrical charges are separated by a membrane, the potential exist for them to move toward one another
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| What does it mean for a cell membrane to be polarized? | -positively charge on the outside
-negatively charged on the inside
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| Name and briefly describe the 5 phases in the process of impulse | -Resting Potential - inactive and polarize
-Depolarization - Na enters;(-)>(+)
-Action Potential - more Na enters
-Repolarization - K flows out of the cell; balance is restored (+)>(-)
-Refractory - Na exits K enters
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| Axon terminal | Small swelling at top of the branched end of the axon
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| Parts of the Synapse | Presynaptic- membrane of the first neuron
Postsynaptic- membrane of the next neuron
Synaptic cleft - small gaps between the pre and postsynaptic neuron
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| Functions of the spinal cord | -Provides communication between the brain and rest of the body
-Reflexes
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| Describe the Gray matter of the of the Spinal cord | -Contains cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
-H-shaped - divided into 2 sets of hohrns
-Posterior (dorsal) horn
-Anterior (ventral) horn
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| Describe the White matter of the Spinal cord | -Contains myelinated axons
-Contains bundles of axons called tracts that carry impulse from one part of NS to another
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| Describe posterior white matter | Composed of ascending tracts carrying sensory information to the brain
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| Describe anterior white matter | Composed of descending tracts carrying motor info from the brain
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| What is epidural space | Small space that lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebra
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| What is the central canal | Carries cerebralspinal fluid through the spinal cord
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| what is cerebrospinal fluid | Clear tissue fluid that forms a protective cushion around and w/in the CNS
Also found in and around the brain
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| Describe the 3 meninges of the CNS | Dura mater - out meninx composed of tough fibrous connective tissue
Arachnoid mater - middle meninx composed of spiderweb-like connective tissue
pia mater-the deepest meninx
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| What are the 3 ascending tracts and generally what do they do | Ascending tracts convey sensory signals up the spinal cord and to the brain
-Dorsal column
-Spinocerebellar tract
-Spinothalamus tract
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| Functions of dorsal Column | Relays sensation, tactile discrimination, vibration, deep pressure, create awareness of the body's position
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| Functions of Spinocerebellar Tract | Awareness of the body's position
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| Functions of Spinothalamus tract | Relays sensations of temperature, pressure,pain, and touch
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| Two descending tracts and generally what do they do | Conduct motor impulses down the spinal cord to skeletal muscle
-Corticospiral tract
-Extrapyramidal tracts
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| Function of Corticospiral tracts | Responsible for fine move't of hands and fingers, feet and toes on opposite side of the body
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| Function of Extrapyramidal tracts | Groups of tracts associated with balance and muscle tone
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| What are the four major regions of the brain? | -Cerebellum
-Diencephalon
-Cerebrum
-Brain stem
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| Describe the make up of the brain | gray matter - Froms suface of brain. Covers cerebrum and cerebellum in a layer call the cortex
-White matter-under gray matter;contains bundles of axons that connect one part of the brain to another part
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| Where is cerebral spinal fluid found? | The ventricles
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| What are functions of the Cerebrum | Voluntary motor responses; coordinates the activities of the other parts of the brain; involved in higher thought processes
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| Functions of the Frontal Lobe | Governs voluntary movement, memory, emotion, social judgement, decision making, reasoning and aggression and personality
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| Function of the Temporal Lobe | Controls hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior, and visual recognition
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| Parietal Lobe | Receives and interprets sensations; controls proprioception, interprets taste (interprets senses)
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| Occipital Lobe | Analyze interprets visual information
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| Insula | Plays a role in perception, motor control, self awareness, and cognitive function.
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| The primary motor area | Located in the frontal lobe. Controls voluntary command to the opposite side
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| The primary somatosensory area | -Parietal lobe
-Receives sensory from the skin and skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body
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| Somatic sensory association area | -pinpoit locations of pain, identify texture, and proprioception
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| Limbic System | -part of the cerebrum and diencephalon
-emotion and learning
-formed by complex structure that encircle the corpus calisum and thalamus
-links lower brain stem to the cortex
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| Two structures of limbic system | --Hippocampus-converts short-term memory into long term memory
--Amygdala-emotion, stores and recalls emotion from the past.
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| Cerebrum Language -Written words -translates written words into spoken words | -written words stimulate the primary visual cotex
-The angular gyrus translate
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| Wernicke's area | formulate the words into phrases that comply with learned grammatically rules
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| Brocas' area | plans mm movement's required of the larnyx, tongue cheeks and lips to forms words then sends the approp. impulses to the primary motor cortex
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| The primary motor cortex | sends impulse to the mm necessary to pronounce words
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| Association? -Interprets smell -interprets and sensation of taste -recognize familiar objects And all is located in what lobe | -Offactory association area
-Primary gustatory complex
-Visual association
Parietal
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| Association? -sight (size,color, light),motion, dimension -recognize familiar sounds -hearing | -Primary visual cortex
-Auditory association
-Priamry auditory complex
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| Olfactory type and function | -sensory
-receptors sense of smell
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| Optic | -Sensory
-Retina for sense of sight
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| Oculomotor | -Motor
-Eye muscles (including eyelids and lens); pupil
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| Trochlear | Motor
-eye muscles
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| Trigeminal | sensory -Teeth,eyes,skin,and tongue
Motor -Jaw muscles
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| Abducens | Motor
-eye muscles
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| Facial | Sensory - Taste buds of anterior tongue
Motor - Facial muscles and glands
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| Vestibulochlear | Sensory-inner ear for sinse of balance and hearing
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| Glossopharyngeal | Sensory
-pharynx
Motor
-phayngeal muscles, salivary glands
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| Vagus | -Sensory-internal organs, external ear canal, eardrum, back of throat
Motor
-Internal organs, throat muscles
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| Spinal accessory | Motor
-neck and back muscles
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| Hypoglossal | Motor - tongue muscles
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| Frontal lobe impairments | -contralateral weakness
-perseveration, inattention
-personality changes, antisocial behavior
-impaired concentration, apathy
-Broca's aphasia (expressive deficits)
-Delayed or ipoor initiation
-emotional lability
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| Parietal lobe impairments | -dominant hemisphere, agraphia,alexia, agnosia
-non-dominant hemisphere, deressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
-contralateral sensory deficits
-impaired language comprehension
-impaired taste
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| Temporal lobe impairments | -learning deficits
-Wernicke's aphasia (receptive deficits)
-antisocial, aggressive behaviors
-difficulty with memory, memory loss
-inability to categorize objects
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| Occipital lobe impairments | homonymous hemianopsia
impiared extraocular muscle movement and visial deficitis
-reading and writing impairment
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| Hippocamupus | located in the temporal lobe; forming and storing memories; learning language
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| Basal ganglia | Voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone, and control of motor responses. Parkinson's and Huntington's disease
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| Amygdala | located in the temporal lobes; emotional and social processing, memory
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| Thalamus | A relay or processing station for information that goes to the cerebral cortex. Coordinates sensory perception and movement
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| Hypothalamus | Receives and integrates information from the ANS and assist in regulating hormones. Controls functions such as hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and sleeping. Regulates body temperature, the adrenal glands, and pituitary gland.
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