C4, Cam, Heterotrophic Plants, Respiration
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| C₄: plants adapted to minimize water loss by keeping_________ open less often while still taking in sufficient amounts of | stoma, CO₂
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| C₄: plants are ___ times more efficient at capturing CO₂ | 6
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| C₄: plants binds ________ initially into a C₄: compound | carbon
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| C₄: plants still eventually uses the: | C₃: pathway
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| Examples of C₄: plants | crabgrass, bermuda, sugarcane, corn
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| uses Crassulacean acid metabolism | cam plants
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| cam plants further adapted to avoid water loss by only ___________ __________ at night | opening stomata
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| cam plants require enormous amounts of | ATP
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| examples of CAM plants | desert plants, cacti, lilies, pineapples
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| uses bacteriochlorophyll | photosynthetic bacteria
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| photosynthetic bacteria uses ____ as a source of electrons | H₂S
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| photosynthetic bacteria emits _________ rather than O₂ | S₂
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| energy to make atp and nadph comes from chemical reaction not sunlight | chemosynthetic bacteria
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| chemosynthetic bacteria has __________ NOT photosynthetic autotrophs | chemosynthetic
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| chemosynthetic bacteria uses the __________ cycle | Calvin
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| usually live in swamps and bogs with high acidity so decomposition is slow | heterotrophic plants
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| heterotrophic plant soil is deficient in: | nitrogen
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| heterotrophic plants are insectivorous which means they: | eat insects to meet nitrogen needs
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| parasitic plants siphon nutrients from: | other plants
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| an example of an insectivorous plant is: | Venus flytrap
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| an example of a parasitic plant is: | mistletoe
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| What are the two types of cellular respiration? | anaerobic, aerobic
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| What are the characteristics of anaerobic respiration? | without oxygen, takes place in the cytoplasm, yeast and bacteria, low ATP yield
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| What are the characteristics of aerobic respiration? | with oxygen, takes place in the cytoplasm and later mitochondria, most eukaryotes, high atp yield
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| the breakdown and metabolism of glucose | glycolysis
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| where does glycolysis occur? | cytoplasm
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| glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into ______ __________ | two pyruvate
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| glycolysis produces ____ _____ | 2 ATP
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| anaerobic respiration -- Following glycolysis without oxygen __________ will proceed | fermentation
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| anaerobic respiration --in bacteria and yeast ___________ _____________ occurs | alcoholic fermentation
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| anaerobic respiration --in eukaryotes __________ __________ __________ results | lactic acid fermentation
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| anaerobic respiration --produces more NAD+ for glycolysis however no addition ________ is made | ATP
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| Where does alcoholic fermentation occur? | cytoplasm
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| Alcoholic fermentation breaks down pyruvate to __________ and ________ | ethanol and CO₂
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| alcoholic fermentation yields _____ ATP | 2
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| Occurs in eukaryotes who normally use aerobic respiration to meet energy needs but may be experiencing oxygen debt | lactic acid fermentation
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| The body will temporarily revert to anaerobic respiration through _____________ _____________ ____________ | lactic acid fermentation
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| In lactic acid fermentation only __ ____ _____ gained although _______ is regenerated for glycolysis | 2 net ATP, NAD+
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| When oxygen becomes available to eukaryotes, aerobic respiration will proceed in the: | mitochondria
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| aerobic respiration begins with the breakdown of __________ to ___________ | Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA
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| After aerobic respiration breaks down Pyruvate to Acetyle-CoA: | Next is the Citric Acid or Krebs Cycle
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| The final step in aerobic respiration: | most of the ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation or the electron transport chain
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| begins as Acetyl-CoA (two carbons) joins with OAA (four carbons) to make citrate or citric acid (six carbons) | The Krebs cycle
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| During this cycle 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP are produced (double that for one glucose molecule) | The Krebs cycle
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| NADH and FADH2 generated during the Kreb’s cycle are used here to make ATP | Electron transport chain
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| In the electron transport chain___________ serves as the final electron acceptor | Oxygen
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| _________ ATP generated in this final step with the enzyme ATP synthase (F0F1 complex) (electron transport chain) | 30-32
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