Psychology Ch.4
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| perception in which the way we perceive a stimulus doesn't match its physical reality | illusion
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| detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain | sensation
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| the brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs | perception
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| the first step in sensation; converting external energies or substances into a "language" the nervous system understands, such as electrical signals within neurons | transduction
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| specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system | sense receptor
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| for all senses, activation is greatest when we first detect a stimulus, after which our response declines in strength | sensory adaptation
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| study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics | psychophysics
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| the lowest level of a stimulus that we can detect on 50 percent of the trials when no other stimuli of that type are present | absolute threshold
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| the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect | JND just noticeable difference
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| there is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and the original stimulus intensity. (stronger the stimulus, the bigger change needed for it to be noticed) | Weber's law
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| describes how we detect stimuli under uncertain conditions | signal detection theory
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| tendencies to make one type of guess over another when we're in doubt about whether a weak signal is present or absent under noisy conditions | response biases
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| the sensation we experience is determined by the nature of the sense receptor, not the stimulus | specific nerve energies
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| vivid sensations of light caused by pressure on your eye's receptor cells | phosphenes
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| rare condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations | synesthesia
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| the ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously (bottom up and top down) | parallel processing
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| set formed when expectations influence perceptions | perceptual set
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| the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions (3 kinds, shape, size, color) | perceptual constancy
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| allows us to select one sensory channel and turn off the others | selective attention
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| views attention as a bottleneck through which info passes | filter theory of attention
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| ability to pick out an important message | cocktail party effect
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| failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere | inattentional blindness
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| failure to detect obvious changes in one's environment | change blindness
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| problem describing how our brains connect info together to perceive a whole | binding problem
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| colored part of the eye - controls how much light enters the eye | iris
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| circular hole through which light enters the eye | pupil
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| curved, transparent layer covering the iris and pupil - bends light to focus incoming visual image at back of the eye | cornea
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| bends light, but changes curvature to fine tune the image; accomodation, allows you to judge distances | lens
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| thin membrane at the back of the eye. "movie screen" | retina
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| central part of retina which is responsible for acuity (sharpness); if it is damaged we can't see straight on | fovea
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| long and narrow cells in the fovea that allow us to see in the dark | rods
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| give us color vision | cones
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| the time it takes rods to gain their maximum sensitivity to light | dark adaptation
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| nerve that travels from the retina to the brain | optic nerve
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| place where the optic nerve connects to the retina | blind spot
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| our ability to use certain minimal patterns to identify objects using feature detection cells to see lines and edges | feature detection
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| Gestalt principles | proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, symmetry, figure-ground
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| Gestalt: objects physically close to each other tend to be perceived as unified wholes | proximity
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| Gestalt: we see similar objects as comprising a whole, much more so than dissimilar objects | similarity
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| Gestalt: we still perceive objects as wholes, even if other objects block part of them | continuity
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| Gestalt: when partial visual info is present, our brains fill in what's missing | closure
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| Gestalt: we perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as whole more often than those that aren't | symmetry
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| Gestalt: we usually focus our attention on what we believe to be the central figure, and ignore the background | figure-ground
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| an image we can perceive two ways | bistable image
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| the ability to see spatial relations in 3 dimensions | depth perception
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| depth cue that relies on one eye alone | monocular depth cues (relative size, texture gradient, interposition, light and shadow)
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| depth cue that relies on two eyes | binocular depth cues (disparity, convergence)
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| our sense of hearing | audition
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| corresponds to the frequency of a wave (hertz) | pitch
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| the amplitude (height) of the sound wave (decibels) | loudness
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| the quality/complexity o the sound | timbre
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| funnels sound waves onto the eardrum; comprised of pinna | outer ear
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| transmits sound from eardrum to inner ear; comprised of ossicles - hammer, anvil, stirrup | middle ear
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| sound is converted from vibrations to neural activity | innner ear
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| spiral shaped organ in ear; filled with a thick fluid - balance | cochlea
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| tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing | organ of Corti
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| membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in cochlea | basilar membrane
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| specific place along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch | place theory
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| airborne chemicals that interact with receptors in the lining of our nasal passages | odors
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| tastes we can detect: | sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
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| sense receptor in the tongue that responds to tastes | taste buds
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| odorless chemicals that serve as social signals of members of one's species that alter our sexual behavior | pheromones
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| system we use for touch and pain | somatosensory
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