Essentials of Psychology
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| Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) | Architect of the first major theory of personality, called psychoanalytic theory
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| Personality | The relatively stable constellation of psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns that account for our individuality and consistency over time
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | Freud's theory of personality that holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts
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| 3 Levels of Consciousness | The Conscious, the Preconscious, and the Unconscious
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| Conscious | To Freud, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness.
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| Preconscious | To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention
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| Unconscious | To Freud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that holds troubling or unacceptable urges, impulses, memories and ideas.
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| The 3 Structures of Personality | Id, Ego, and Superego
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| Id | Freud's term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our baser animal drives and instinctual impulses
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| Ego | Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realities and expectations
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| Superego | Freud's term for the psychic structure that corresponds to an internal moral guardian or conscience
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| Pleasure Principle | In Freudian theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs
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| Reality Principle | In Freudian theory, a governing principle of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs
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| Name the 8 Major Defense Mechanisms in Psychodynamic Theory | Repression, Denial, Reaction Formation, Rationalization, Projection, Sublimation, Regression, and Displacement
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| Repression | a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material
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| Denial | a defense mechanism involving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge
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| Reaction Formation | a defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motives and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness of them
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| Rationalization | a defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas
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| Projection | a defense mechanism involving the projection of one's own unacceptable impulses, wishes or urges onto another person
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| Sublimation | a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests
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| Regression | a defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development
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| Displacement | a defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse
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| The 5 Stages of Personality Development | Oral (Birth to 12 to 18 months), Anal (18 months to 3 years), Phallic (3 to 6 years), Latency (6 years to puberty), Genital (puberty to adulthood)
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| Oral Stage | the first stage of psychosexual development, during which the infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, and biting)
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| Anal Stage | the second stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (retention and release of bowel contents)
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| Phallic Stage | the third stage of psychosexual development, marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis in boys, clitoris in girls) and the development of the Oedipus Complex
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| Latency Stage | the fourth stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual impulses remain latent or dormant
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| Genital Stage | the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation
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| Anal-Retentive Personality | a personality type characterized by messiness, lack of self-discipline, and carelessness
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