Psych 100 Chapter 4
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| sensation | sense organs' detection of stimuli, their response to the stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain
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| perception | processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals; it results in an internal respresentation of the stimulus
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| absolute threshold | minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation
Ex: absolute threshold for hearing = the faintest sound a person can detect 50% of the time
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| difference threshold | noticeable difference between two stimuli; the minimum change in volume, the minimum quantitative change, required for you to detect a difference
Ex: friend watching tv while you're reading, look up when a commerical comes on
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| audition | hearing; the sense of sound perception
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| sound wave | A pattern of changes in air pressure during a period of time; it produces the percept of a sound
-wave's amplitude = loudness (higher the sound, louder the sound)
-wave's frequency = pitch (higher frequency higher the pitch)
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| basilar membrane | -movement of the basilar membrane stimulates hair cells to bend and to send info to the auditory nerve
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| retina | the thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball; it contains the photoreceptors that transduce light into neural signals
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| rods | retinal cells that respond to low levels of illumination and result in BLACK & WHITE perception
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| cones | retinal cells that respond to higher levels of illumination and result in COLOR perception
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| fovea | the center of the retina, where cones are densely packed
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| primary visual cortex | cortical areas in the occiptial lobes, at the back of the head
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| trichromatic theory | color vision reults from activity in 3 different types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelengths (S, M, and L)
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| blind spot | small point at the back of the retina
created by the optic nerve
no receptors at this spot b/c it is where the nerve leaves the eye
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| opponent-process theory | when some colors seem to be "opposites"
Ex: looking at a RED image for some time then we see GREEN afterimage when we look away; when we stare at a GREEN image we see a RED afterimage
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| gate control theory of pain | neural "gates" in the spinal cord allow signals through. Those gates can be closed when info about touch is being transmitted (ex: rubbing a sore arm) or by distraction)
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| Gestalt | -german word: "shape" or "form"
-psychology meaning: "organized whole"
-holds that our brains can use innate principles to organize sensory info
Ex: we perceive "a car" vs "metal, tires, door, hubcaps, etc"
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| principle of proxmity | states that the closer two figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them and see them as part of the same object
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| principle of similarity | we tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other.
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| binocular dept cues | cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes
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| monocular depth cues | cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone
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| convergence | cue of binocular depth perception; when a person views a nearby object, the eye muscles turn the eyes inward
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