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Chapter 4

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Question
Answer
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice   Learning  
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Any object, event, or experience that causes of response   Stimulus  
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The reaction of an organism   Response  
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Learning to make an in voluntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex   Classical conditioning  
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A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) respond   Unconditioned stimulus (USC)  
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An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus   Unconditioned response (UCR)  
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Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response   Neutral stimulus (NS)  
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Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflect response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus   Conditioned stimulus (CS)  
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Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus   Conditioned response (CR)  
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The tendency to respond to stimulus that is only similar to the original condition stimulus with the conditioned response   Stimulus generalization  
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The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus   Stimulus discrimination  
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The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) for the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)   Extinction  
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The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred   Spontaneous recovery  
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Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus   Higher-order conditioning  
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Ed noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener, his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry-drooling mewing pitiably. He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cat's food, the sound of the can opener had become a ______.   Conditioned stimulus  
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A conditioned response that briefly reappears after it has been extinguished is called ______.   Spontaneous recovery  
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The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called _______.   Higher-order conditiong  
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Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person   Conditioned emotional respons (CER)  
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Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person   Vicarious conditioning  
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Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association   Conditional taste aversion  
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Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning   Biological preparedness  
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Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together   Stimulus substitution  
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Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus   Cognitive perspective  
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In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the unconditioned stimulus was _______.   The loud noise  
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The face that the CS must come immediately before the UCS, and not after, is a problem for the ________ theory of why classical conditioning works.   Stimulus substitution  
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Rescorla found that the CS must ______ the UCS for conditioning to take place.   Predict  
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The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses   Operant conditioning  
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Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.   Law of effect  
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Any behavior that is voluntary   Operant  
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Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.   Reinforcement  
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Any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again   Reinforcers  
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Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch   Primary reinforcer  
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Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars   Secondary reinforcer  
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The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus   Positive reinforcement  
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The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus   Negative reinforcement  
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______ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.   A candy bar; a gold star  
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The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction   Partial reinforcement effect  
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The reinforcement of each and every correct response   Continuous reinforcement  
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Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same   Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement  
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Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or even   Variable interval schedule of reinforcement  
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Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same   Fixed ration schedule of reinforcement  
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Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or even   Variable ration schedule of reinforcement  
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Any event or objects that, when following a response, making that response less likely to happen again   Punishment  
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The punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus   Punishment by application  
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The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus   Punishment by removal  
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Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement   Discriminative stimulus  
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The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior   Shaping  
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Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior   Successive approximations  
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Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns   Instinctive drift  
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The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior   Behavior modification  
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Types of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens   Token economy  
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Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response   Applied behavior analysis (ABA)  
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Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control   Biofeedback  
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Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior   Neurofeedback  
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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful   Latent learning  
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The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly   Insight  
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The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past   Learned helplessness  
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LEarning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior   Observational learning  
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Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior   Learning/performance distinction  
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Cognition refers to _______   the mental events that take place while a person is behaving  
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