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Psychology
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice | Learning |
| Any object, event, or experience that causes of response | Stimulus |
| The reaction of an organism | Response |
| Learning to make an in voluntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex | Classical conditioning |
| A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) respond | Unconditioned stimulus (USC) |
| An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus | Unconditioned response (UCR) |
| Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response | Neutral stimulus (NS) |
| Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflect response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus | Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
| Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus | Conditioned response (CR) |
| The tendency to respond to stimulus that is only similar to the original condition stimulus with the conditioned response | Stimulus generalization |
| The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus | Stimulus discrimination |
| The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) for the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning) | Extinction |
| The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred | Spontaneous recovery |
| Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus | Higher-order conditioning |
| Ed noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener, his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry-drooling mewing pitiably. He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cat's food, the sound of the can opener had become a ______. | Conditioned stimulus |
| A conditioned response that briefly reappears after it has been extinguished is called ______. | Spontaneous recovery |
| The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called _______. | Higher-order conditiong |
| Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person | Conditioned emotional respons (CER) |
| Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person | Vicarious conditioning |
| Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association | Conditional taste aversion |
| Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning | Biological preparedness |
| Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together | Stimulus substitution |
| Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus | Cognitive perspective |
| In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the unconditioned stimulus was _______. | The loud noise |
| The face that the CS must come immediately before the UCS, and not after, is a problem for the ________ theory of why classical conditioning works. | Stimulus substitution |
| Rescorla found that the CS must ______ the UCS for conditioning to take place. | Predict |
| The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses | Operant conditioning |
| Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. | Law of effect |
| Any behavior that is voluntary | Operant |
| Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. | Reinforcement |
| Any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again | Reinforcers |
| Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch | Primary reinforcer |
| Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars | Secondary reinforcer |
| The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus | Positive reinforcement |
| The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus | Negative reinforcement |
| ______ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. | A candy bar; a gold star |
| The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction | Partial reinforcement effect |
| The reinforcement of each and every correct response | Continuous reinforcement |
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same | Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or even | Variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same | Fixed ration schedule of reinforcement |
| Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or even | Variable ration schedule of reinforcement |
| Any event or objects that, when following a response, making that response less likely to happen again | Punishment |
| The punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus | Punishment by application |
| The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus | Punishment by removal |
| Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement | Discriminative stimulus |
| The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior | Shaping |
| Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior | Successive approximations |
| Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns | Instinctive drift |
| The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior | Behavior modification |
| Types of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens | Token economy |
| Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response | Applied behavior analysis (ABA) |
| Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control | Biofeedback |
| Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior | Neurofeedback |
| Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful | Latent learning |
| The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly | Insight |
| The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past | Learned helplessness |
| LEarning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior | Observational learning |
| Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior | Learning/performance distinction |
| Cognition refers to _______ | the mental events that take place while a person is behaving |
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bucrrodriguez
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