Immunology
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| Nonspecific Mechanism | exist in all humans to protect against pathogens. Also called Innate Immunity
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| Skin | Nonspefic- filled with waterproof Keratin
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| Mucous Membranes | Contains mucin that blocks attachment of bacteria.
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| Mucin | Found in mucous membranes that blocks bacterial attachment to host cells
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| Areas of Body with Acidity | Vagina-pathogens cannot take hold, Stomach and Bile Acids: kills most microorganisms
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| Normal Flora | Prevents growth of pathogens
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| Serum | Found in Lymph System. Supplies 02 to cells. Remains after formed elements and clotting factors have been removed.
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| Erythrocytes | Red Blood Cells that contain oxygen. Ride on Hemoglobin.
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| Thrombocytes | Platelets that are cell fragments. Component of blood clotting mechanism.
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| Luekocyte | White Blood Cell acting as defensive host. Contain five types. Granulocytes and Agranulocyte
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| Granulocyte | have grandular cytoplams, irregular lobed nuclei. Nuetrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
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| A-Granuloctye | Lack granules, round nuclei. Monocytes and Lymphocytes.
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| Percentage of WBC | Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil.
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| Neutrophil | Avid phagocyte, Bacterial Infection.
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| Eosinophil | Allergic Reactions and Parasite Infection
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| Basophil | Precurser of mast cell. Found in Allergies and inflammatory (swelling)
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| Monocyte | Avid phagoctye. Known as Macrophage and occur in recovering from infection.
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| Lymphocyte | Viral Infection. Specific Immunity- T Cells and B Cells.
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| Avid Phagocytes | Monocyte ( Large) and Neutrophil (Small) and Macrophages (RES)
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| Reverse Diff | lymphocytes exceed nuetrophil
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| Process of Phagocytosis (5) | 1) P. attaches to bacterium, assisted by oposins. 2) Psuedopodia surround bacterium 3)Bacterium is brought into cytoplasm and vacuole is formed. 4) Phagolysosome forms. 5)Bacteria disintegrates through lysosomal enzymes. 6)Egestion
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| Mast Cells | Are basophils that have migrated into tissue. Release Histamine. Associated with Anaphlaxisis (Bee stings) RA, and Allergies, MS.
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| Inflammation Response | Bodys response to tissue damage. Symptoms are heat, redness, swelling, and pain. 1)Histamine is released, causes blood vessel dilation 2)LP factor released, phagocytes destroy bacteria 3) Pus forms at site (Only is bacterial) 4) Abscess
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| NK Cells | take out abnormal cells such as cancer or viral cells.
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| Interferon | Protein released from Virus, caused adjacent cells to produce antiviral protein which interferes with virus replication.
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| Complement | Enhances phagocytosis, produces inflammation
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| Opsonin | attachment of certain proteins to microbes, increasing a phagocyte's ability to adhere to the pathogen.
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| T Cells | Direct cell to cell contact. Supresses Memory or Killer Cells. Found in Cellular Immunity. Enhances binding to a macrophage.
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| B Cells | Found in Humoral Immunity. (Blood and Body Fluids) Makes antibodies and recognizes foreign objects.
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| Humoral Immunity | Mediated by B Lymphocytes. Releases antibodies. Effective against bacterial toxins and viruses.
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| Cell-Mediated Immunity | Involved with T Cells. Resist infection. presented on macrophages, dendric cells and infected cells. Uses Chemical enhancers such as glyoproteins. (Lymphokines, cytokines)Most effective in clearing viruses.
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| Specific Resistance | Antigens and Antibodies
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| Antigens | Most are protein, glycoprotein or nucleoprotein. Foreign object in body that creates immune response. found on surface of viruses and cells and capsules, cell wall, or flagella of bacteria
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| Antibody | protein produced in response to an antigen. can bind specifically to an antigen. Produced by Plasma cells (5 types IG-g,a,m, e ,d)
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| IgG | Gamma globin, secondary immune response, can cross placenta
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| IgA | occurs in bodily secretions
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| IgM | largest and primary excreted (first) in imune response
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| IgE | Allergies and Histamine
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| IgD | binds to antigens, Activates B Cells
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| Primary Response | Phagotysis takes place. Memory Cell is established.
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| Anamnestic Response (secondary) | Memory cells recall and release antibodies
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| Antigen/Antibody Reactions | 4 types- Agglutination, Opsonization, Lysis by Complement, and Toxin nuetralization. nature of antigen and kind of antibody to which it reacts
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| Agglutination | Results in clumping
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| Opsonization | Antibodies nuetralize toxins and coat microbes so they can be phagocitized
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| Lysis by Complement | IgM and IgG activate complement which lyse cell membrane
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| Toxin Nuetralization | Antibody complex stops toxin from damaging host
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| Helper T Cells | Activates B cells and other T cells.
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| Supressor T Cells | Keeps immune processes from getting out of hand.
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| Delayed Hypersensitivity T Cells | Responsible for TB skin test or poison ivy reaction. Release various lymphokines that manage marcrophage activity and participate in delayed hyperactivity
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| Cytotoxic T Cells | Kill infected Host cells by making lethal protein
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| Aquired Immunity | Active and Passive. Considered non-hereditary
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| Active | Persons own immune system produces antibodies. 1)Naturally- exposure to infective agent providing immunity rest of life 2)Artifical- Acquired through vaccination or immunization
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| Passive | Ready made antibodies are introduced into body, host's system does not make antibodies. short-term immunity 1)Naturally Aquired- Maternal antibodies from mother to fetus 2)Artifically- Immunoglobins such as ready made antibodies from diff host (rabies)
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| Toxoid | toxin which is produced by specific microorganism is altered in heat or chemical (diphtheria or tetnus)
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| When person gets influenza vaccine | Active-Artifical
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| Interleukins 1 and 2 | specialized cytokines 1)stimulates t cell activation and causes secretion of 2 2)cell division and T Cells
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| Antitoxin | antibody to a toxin-provides protection against toxins by nuetralizing them
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| HyperImmune Globin | Manufactured protein by intorducing paticular antigen into animal & collect serum rich in antibodies
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| MHC1 and II | I- self Antigens II- foreign antigens
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| Immediate Hypersensitivity | Known as Anaphalyxis- harmful result of IgE antibodiesmade in response to allergens. Such as pollen, dust, or mold. Treated by desensitization or IgG blocking antibodies.
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| Types of Immediate Hypersensitivity (3) | 1)Localized: swelling, runny nose, dihharea 2) Respitory Anaphylaxis- hives, mucos filled airways, lead to 3)Anaphylactic Shock- b/v dilate, bee stings, given epiniephrine
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| Delayed Hypersensitivity | Reactions take more than 12 hrs to develop. Mediated by T cells. Releases lymphocytkines. Such as contact dermatitis and tuberculin. Mom is negative, baby is positive
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| Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity | Antibodies react to antigens interpreted as foriegn to immune system. Ex-Rh factor and blood transfusions
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| Autoimmune Disorders | Person becomes hypersensitive to antigen on cells of their own body. Produce autoantibodies which are used against their own tissues. Supressed T Cell function. Examples: RA, Lupus, MG, Graves, Hashimitos, Ruematic Fever
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| Rhematoid Arthritis | Joints ache. Autobodies attack IgG
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| Lupus | Make anti DNA, butterfly rash, systematic damage
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| Graves | Thyroid-Increase in T4 levels. Caused by goiter (hyper)
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| Myasthemia Gravis | act with aCh and muscle fibers.
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| Hashimitos | cold, gain weight, eat thyroid tissue, deficiency in throxine (hypo)Lack of iodine
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| Immunodeficieny diseases | arise from lack of lymphocytes or defective. Examples-Agammaglobulemia, SCID, AIDS
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| Agammaglobulinemia | lack of B cells in male infants. give gama globin to replace missing antibodies
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| SCID | lacks t and b cells. need germ free environment
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| Transplant Rejection | All humans have set of HLAs (Histocompatability Antigens)- if these antigens are differentm recipient t cells will destroy donor tissue
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| Third Generation Vaccine | contain synthetically produced antigens
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| Adjuvant | Assist in the effectiveness of a vaccine or toxoid
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| 1:40 VS 1:640 | As bottom number increases- means antibodies have been produced and a disease is or was active.
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| Jevenille Diabetes | Antibodys wipe out B ? Beta Cells
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| Lysosome | breaks down peptiglycon in bacterial cell wall
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| What allows blood to clot | Serum found in the plasma
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| Lymph nodes are located in | neck groin and armpits and peyers patches in intestines
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| Pus | Dead nuetrophil
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| Herd Immunity | Must be 90%
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| Hepatitis B is | Third generation
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| MMR and Varicella Roster | Live 1st, Attenuated
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| Specific containes | Cellular and Humoral
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| Nonspecific contains | Phagocytes, normal flora, and skin barriers
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| Calor | heat
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| Rubor | redness
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| tumor | swelling
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| dolor | pain
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