| Question | Answer |
| Which bone contains the pterygoid processes? | sphenoid |
| Which bone contains the supraorbital foramina? | frontal |
| To demonstrate ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses in SMV, which must occur?
1) patient is recumbent
2) IOML parallel to IR
3) CR perpendicular to IOML and horizontal | 2 & 3 |
| How and where is CR directed for PA axial mandibular rami? | 20-25 cephalad, exiting acanthion |
| Which is located in the internal ear?
concha, auditory tube, tympanic membrane, semicircular canals | semicircular canals |
| For the Waters view, the OML should be placed at what angle to the IR? | 37 |
| What are the 3 auditory ossicles? | malleus, incus, stapes |
| What is the CR angulation for AP axial of zygomatic arches? | 30 degrees caudad |
| The largest sinus the? | maxillary |
| Which sinus groups are demonstrated in Lateral sinus projections? | all 4, particularly sphenoidal |
| For the lateral projection of facial bones, the CR will enter where? | halfway between outer canthus and EAM |
| The 6 areas of incomplete ossification in a newborn skull are called? | fontanels |
| What is the CR angulation for axiolateral oblique of mandible? | 25 cephalad |
| If the IOML is perpendicular to the IR for AP axial (Towne), how much should the CR be angled? | 37 degrees |
| What positioning line is used for AP axial TMJs? | OML perpendicular to IR |
| How and where is CR directed for AP axial TMJs? | 35 degrees caudad, 3" above nasion |
| What positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for the acantioparietal (reverse Waters) of facial bones? | MML |
| What is the CR angulation for axiolateral oblique of TMJs? | 15 caudad |
| Which line should be parallel to the IR for the SMV? | IOML |
| Which 2 bones form the roof of the mouth? | maxillae and palatine |
| Which foramina are demonstrated in the orbit on a Waters image? | rotundum |
| The largest and most dense bone in the face is? | mandible |
| Where is the IR centered for Axiolateral oblique TMJs? | 1/2" anterior to EAM |
| Which sinus is immediately below the sella turcica? | sphenoidal |
| How many cranial and facial bones make up the orbits? | 3 cranial, 4 facial |
| Which cranial bone contains the sella turcica? | sphenoid |
| The cranial bones are ridgedly jointed together by articulations called? | sutures |
| How and where should CR be directed for lateral facial bones? | perpendicular to lateral surface of zygoma, entering between outer canthus & EAM |
| For PA mandibular rami, how and where is CR directed? | perpendicular, exiting acanthion |
| Which bones make up the floor of the cranium? | ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 temporal |
| Which projections demonstrate ethmoidal sinuses? | lateral, SMV, PA axial (Caldwell) |
| The Waters method of the sinuses requires OML is placed how many degrees from the plane of the IR? | 37 |
| How and where is the CR directed for lateral nasal bones? | perpendicular to the bridge of the nose, 1/2" distal to nasion |
| At which level should the CR enter the base of the skull for SMV of sinuses? | 3/4" anterior to EAM |
| What are the largest immovable facial bones? | maxillae |
| Which bone contains the cribriform plate? | ethmoid |
| How and where is CR directed for PA axial (Caldwell) skull? | 15 caudad, exiting nasion |
| What is the average CR angle for PA axial (Haas) of the skull? | 25 cephalad |
| Which sinuses are developed at birth and visible radiographically? | maxillary |
| What suture is between the occipital and parietal bones? | lambdoidal |
| What is the CR angulation for demonstration of entire foramen magnum during AP axial (Towne)? | 40-60 caudad |
| Which is true regarding the lateral projection of nasal bones?
1) occlusal IR may be used
2) both sides are done for comparison
3) the IPL is perpendicular to the tabletop | 1,2 & 3 |
| Where is CR directed for Lateral skull? | 2" above EAM |
| For Axiolateral oblique TMJs, how should MSP of head be positioned? | rotated 15 degrees toward the IR |
| Where are the petrous ridges on a parietoacanthial (Waters) radiograph? | inferior to the floor of the maxillary sinuses |
| What is another name for the internal and external occipital protuberance? | inion |
| How and where is CR directed for SMV zygomatic arches? | perpendicular to IOML on MSP of throat 1" posterior to outer canthus |
| Where is IR centered for PA skull? | nasion |
| Which foramina are best demonstrated in SMV skull? | ovale and spinosum |
| For the open-mouth Waters method, the CR should exit where? | acanthion or open mouth |
| Which bone in the skull contains the auditory organs and organs of hearing? | temporal |
| Which projections best demonstrate frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses?
1) PA
2) Waters
3) Caldwell | 3 |
| Which sinus group is projected through the open mouth in the open mouth Waters method? | sphenoidal |
| What are the names of the 2 large openings at the base of the anterior occipital bone for blood vessels and nerves? | jugular foramen |
| What is demonstrated within foramen magnum during AP axial (Towne)? | dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes |
| The respiration phase for all facial bone and sinus projections? | suspended |
| When performing sinus x-rays the patient must be upright to _____. | demonstrate air/fluid levels |
| Which bone contains the infraorbital foramen? | maxilla |
| What should be clearly demonstrated on lateral projection of paranasal sinuses?
1) all 4 sinus groups
2) superimposed orbital roofs
3) superimposed mandibular rami | 1,2 & 3 |
| Which sinus groups are demonstrated in the PA axial (Caldwell)? | frontal and anterior ethmoidal |
| What is positioning line in reference to IR for PA skull? | OML perpendicular |
| Which projections demonstrate ethmoidal sinuses?
1) Lateral
2) Caldwell
3) SMV | 1,2 & 3 |
| Which facial bones are not paired? | vomer & mandible |
| What line is horizontal during lateral projection of sinuses? | IOML |
| Which skull type is narrow from side to side? | dolichocephalic |
| How is the CR directed for the Caldwell projection of sinuses? | 15 degrees caudad |
| Where should the CR enter for SMV skull? | on MSP of throat between angles of mandible, passing 3/4" anterior to EAM |
| What is centered to the IR for PA projection of mandibular rami? | tip of nose |
| What positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for PA mandibular rami? | OML |
| What angle are the petrous pyramids in a mesocephalic skull? Brachycephalic? Dolichocephalic? | 47 degrees from MSP, 54 degrees, 40 degrees |
| What are the smallest skull bones? | lacrimal |
| Which projection best demonstrates frontal sinuses? | PA axial (Caldwell) |
| What bone contains the superior and middle nasal conchae? | ethmoid |
| What projection best demonstrates the maxillary sinuses? | Waters view |
| What is projected below the maxillary sinuses for the Waters method? | petrous ridges |
| How should the CR be directed for the axiolateral mandible? | 25 degrees cephalad through the area of interest |
| Which methods will clearly demonstrate petrous ridges, foramen magnum, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid processes?
1) Haas
2) Towne
3) Schuller | 1 & 2 |
| For the tangential projection of zygomatic arches, the top of the head is tilted how? | 15 degrees away from side being examined |
| What are the anterior and posterior border of the sella turcica? | tuberculum sellae & dorsum sellae |
| What bony prominences are used to measure the skull width in order to set a proper technique? | parietal eminences |
| What are positioning lines in reference to IR for Lateral skull? | IPL perpendicular, IOML parallel to transverse axis |
| Which bone contains the petromastoid portion? | temporal |
| Which sinus group is between the vertical plates of the frontal bone? | frontal |
| Which sinus is directly below the sella turcica? | sphenoidal |
| Which skull suture is found between the frontal and parietal bones? | coronal |
| Which bone contains the crista galli? | ethmoid |
| Which bone forms the inferior nasal septum? | vomer |
| What are the 3 paired foramina on the greater wings of the sphenoid bone from lateral to medial? | foramina spinosum, ovale, rotundum |
| Which foramen lie in the sphenoid bone?
1) optic foramen
2) jugular foramen
3) foramina rotundum | 1 & 3 |
| For AP axial (modified Towne) of zygomatic arches, where is the CR directed? | at glabella (1" above nasion) |
| What line is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for Caldwell projection of skull? | OML |
| On which projections will both zygomatic arches be demonstrated?
1) tangential
2) SMV
3) AP axial | 2 & 3 |
| Which facial bone contains a foramen through which the tear duct passes? | lacrimal bone |
| What passes through the foramen magnum? | medulla oblongata |
| What line is perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection? | OML or IOML |
| How many bones make up the cranium? | 8 |
| At what level is the CR for the tangential zygomatic arches? | 1" posterior to outer canthus |
| For the tangential projection of the zygomatic arches, the CR is perpendicular to what line? | IOML |
| What bones make up the calvarium? | frontal, 2 parietals, occipital |
| For the tangential projection of zygomatic arches, the head is positioned so MSP is? | 15 degrees toward side being examined |
| How should the head be positioned for Axiolateral mandible to show the rami? Body? Symphysis? | true lateral, rotated 30 degrees toward IR, rotated 45 degrees toward IR |
| What do the articular tubercle and mandibular fossa form? | TMJ |
| How should CR be directed for PA Axial (Caldwell) for orbital rims? | 30 degrees caudad |
| The opening into the apex of the orbit for transmission of optic nerve and opthalmic artery is? | optic canal |
| Which is located in the middle ear?
cochlea, bony labyrinth, tympanic membrane, EAM | tympanic membrane |
| The zygomatic arches are part of which cranial bone? | temporal |
| What is the overall largest and densest facial bone? | mandible |
| What are the positioning lines in reference to the IR for Axiolateral oblique TMJs? | IPL perpendicular, AML parallel with transverse axis |
| Which sinus group is within the lateral masses of labyrinths? | ethmoidal |
| Where is the IR centered for Waters projection of sinuses? | acanthion |
| What are the positioning lines in reference to the IR for Parietoaanthial facial bones? | OML 37 degrees from plane of IR, MML perpendicular |
| Where are the posterior clinoid processes? | on the sphenoid bone at the top corners of the dorsum sellae |
| What suture is between the temporal and parietal bones? | squamosal |
| Which bone has two lateral masses called labyrinths? What is in them? | ethmoid; ethmoidal air cells/sinuses |
| For lateral paranasal sinuses, where is the CR directed? | 1" posterior to outer canthus |
| How should the head be position for the Axiolateral mandible if no area of interest is specified? | rotated 30 degrees toward the IR |
| Which bone has a styloid process? | temporal |
| In what projection are mastoid processes, sphenoid sinuses and carotid canals clearly demonstrated? | SMV |
| The parietoacanthial projection of facial bones is often modified so there is less angulation of the facial bones. For this modification, the OML is adjusted to what degree? | 55 |
| How and where is CR directed for Axiolateral oblique TMJs? | 15 degrees cephalad, 1.5" above EAM, exiting TMJ closest to IR |
| Which should be superimposed on a lateral skull projection?
1) orbital roofs
2) EAM
3) TMJs | 1,2 & 3 |
| What type of joint is the TMJ? | synovial - hinge & gliding |
| What is another name for the parietoacanthial projection of facial bones? | Waters view |
| Which parts of the patient's face touch the IR for the PA axial (Caldwell)? | forehead and nose |
| Which method of examining the skull demonstrates petrous ridges in the orbits, ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and crista galli? | Caldwell |
| If a patient cannot be prone for PA axial (Caldwell) of skull, what CR angle could be used for the AP projection? | 15 cephalad |
